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Результаты 3541-3550 из 62,595
DECOMBIO - Contribution de la combustion de la biomasse aux PM10 en vallée de l’Arve : mise en place et qualification d’un dispositif de suivi Полный текст
2016
Chevrier, Florie | Ježek, Irena | Brulfert, Guillaume | Močnik, Grisa | Marchand, Nicolas | Jaffrezo, Jean-Luc | Besombes, Jean-Luc | Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG) ; Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]) | Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire et Environnement (LCME) ; Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]) | Air Rhône-Alpes ; Air Rhône-Alpes | Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (BIP) ; Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
National audience
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Genetic and physiological responses of three freshwater diatoms to realistic diuron exposures | Réponses génétiques et physiologiques de 3 espèces de diatomées d'eau douce à des expositions réalistes au diuron Полный текст
2015
Moisset, S. | Kim Tiam, S. | Feurtet Mazel, A. | Morin, Soizic | Delmas, François | Mazzella, Nicolas | Gonzalez, P. | Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC) ; École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Ecosystèmes aquatiques et changements globaux (UR EABX) ; Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)
[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]BELCA | International audience | This study examined the effects of diuron on strains of three major freshwater diatom species, Eolimna minima, Nitzschia palea and Planothidium lanceolatum. These species are frequently recorded in the Morcille river, where diuron runs off during phytosanitary treatments of the vineyards around. Here, there were three diatom exposure groups for each species: 0, 1 and 10µg/L diuron during a fourteen-day laboratory assessment. Diuron water concentration, cell number, photosynthetic activity and gene expression were assessed at 6h, 2, 7 and 14 days after contamination. Diuron exposure altered photosynthetic activity in that the optimal quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) decreased between 40 and 50% and, for Planothidium lanceolatum at 10µg/L, there was complete inhibition. Genetic responses indicated diuron effects on both photosystem II and mitochondrial metabolism in all three species at both diuron exposure levels. Thus, analysis of the expression of psaA, d1, cox1, nad5 and 12s could be an early biomarker to detect pesticide pollution. Overall, this study revealed differences in diuron sensitivity among the three species: Eolimna minima and Nitzschia palea appeared to be more tolerant than Planothidium lanceolatum. These results suggest that the development of molecular tools, and more precisely of biomarkers, will aid in early assessment of contamination and water quality.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the impact of climate change on a combined sewer overflow and its receiving water body Полный текст
2015
Gooré Bi, Eustache | Monette, Frédéric | Gachon, Philippe | Gasperi, Johnny | Perrodin, Yves | Department of Construction Engineering ; Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM) | Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) | Laboratoire Eau, Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU) ; AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École nationale des ponts et chaussées (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12) | Longueuil (Quebec, Canada) agglomeration
International audience | Projections from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) for the southern part of the province of Québec, Canada, suggest an increase in extreme precipitation events for the 2050 horizon (2041–2070). The main goal of this study consisted in a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the impact of the 20 % increase in rainfall intensity that led, in the summer of 2013, to overflows in the “Rolland-Therrien” combined sewer system in the city of Longueuil, Canada. The PCSWMM 2013 model was used to assess the sensitivity of this overflow under current (2013) and future (2050) climate conditions. The simulated quantitative variables (peak flow, Q CSO, and volume discharged, VD) served as the basis for deriving ecotoxicological risk indices and event fluxes (EFs) transported to the St. Lawrence (SL) River. Results highlighted 15 to 500 % increases in VD and 13 to 148 % increases in Q CSO by 2050 (compared to 2013), based on eight rainfall events measured from May to October. These results show that (i) the relationships between precipitation and combined sewer overflow variables are not linear and (ii) the design criteria for current hydraulic infrastructure must be revised to account for the impact of climate change (CC) arising from changes in precipitation regimes. EFs discharged into the SL River will be 2.24 times larger in the future than they are now (2013) due to large VDs resulting from CC. This will, in turn, lead to excessive inputs of total suspended solids (TSSs) and tracers for numerous urban pollutants (organic matter and nutrients, metals) into the receiving water body. Ecotoxicological risk indices will increase by more than 100 % by 2050 compared to 2013. Given that substantial VDs are at play, and although CC scenarios have many sources of uncertainty, strategies to adapt this drainage network to the effects of CC will have to be developed.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Assessment of the ecotoxicological risk of combined sewer overflows for an aquatic system using a coupled “substance and bioassay” approach Полный текст
2015
Goore Bi, Eustache | Monette, Frédéric | Gasperi, Johnny | Perrodin, Yves | Department of Construction Engineering ; Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM) | Department of Civil Engineering, City of Longueuil, | Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU) ; AgroParisTech-École nationale des ponts et chaussées (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)
Assessment of the ecotoxicological risk of combined sewer overflows for an aquatic system using a coupled “substance and bioassay” approach Полный текст
2015
Goore Bi, Eustache | Monette, Frédéric | Gasperi, Johnny | Perrodin, Yves | Department of Construction Engineering ; Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM) | Department of Civil Engineering, City of Longueuil, | Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU) ; AgroParisTech-École nationale des ponts et chaussées (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)
International audience | Very few tools are available for assessing the im- pact of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) on receiving aquat- ic environments. The main goal of the study was to assess the ecotoxicological risk of CSOs for a surface aquatic ecosystem using a coupled “substance and bioassay” approach. Wastewater samples from the city of Longueuil, Canada CSO were collected for various rainfall events during one summer season and analyzed for a large panel of substances (n = 116).Fourbioassayswerealsoconductedonrepresenta- tive organisms of surface aquatic systems (Pimephales promelas, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Oncorhynchus mykiss). The analytical data did not reveal any ecotoxicological risk for St. Lawrence River organisms, mainly due to strong effluent dilution. However, the substance approach showed that, because of their contribution to the ecotoxicological hazard posed by the effluent, total phospho- rus (Ptot), aluminum (Al), total residual chlorine, chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), pyrene, ammonia (N–NH4+), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) require more targeted monitoring. While chronic ecotoxicity tests revealed a potential impact of CSO dis- charges on P. promelas and C. dubia, acute toxicity tests did not show any effect on D. magna or O. mykiss, thus underscoring the importance of chronic toxicity tests as part of efforts aimed at characterizing effluent toxicity. Ultimately, the study leads to the conclusion that the coupled “substance and bioassay” approach is a reliable and robust method for assessing the ecotoxicological risk associated with complex discharges such as CSOs.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Assessment of the ecotoxicological risk of combined sewer overflows for an aquatic system using a coupled “substance and bioassay” approach Полный текст
2015
Gooré Bi, Eustache | Monette, Frederic | Gasperi, Johnny | Perrodin, Yves
Very few tools are available for assessing the impact of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) on receiving aquatic environments. The main goal of the study was to assess the ecotoxicological risk of CSOs for a surface aquatic ecosystem using a coupled “substance and bioassay” approach. Wastewater samples from the city of Longueuil, Canada CSO were collected for various rainfall events during one summer season and analyzed for a large panel of substances (n = 116). Four bioassays were also conducted on representative organisms of surface aquatic systems (Pimephales promelas, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Oncorhynchus mykiss). The analytical data did not reveal any ecotoxicological risk for St. Lawrence River organisms, mainly due to strong effluent dilution. However, the substance approach showed that, because of their contribution to the ecotoxicological hazard posed by the effluent, total phosphorus (Pₜₒₜ), aluminum (Al), total residual chlorine, chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), pyrene, ammonia (N–NH₄⁺), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) require more targeted monitoring. While chronic ecotoxicity tests revealed a potential impact of CSO discharges on P. promelas and C. dubia, acute toxicity tests did not show any effect on D. magna or O. mykiss, thus underscoring the importance of chronic toxicity tests as part of efforts aimed at characterizing effluent toxicity. Ultimately, the study leads to the conclusion that the coupled “substance and bioassay” approach is a reliable and robust method for assessing the ecotoxicological risk associated with complex discharges such as CSOs.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Differential effects of oxidised and reduced nitrogen on vegetation and soil chemistry of species-rich acidic grasslands Полный текст
2013
Dorland, Edu | Stevens, Carly J. | Gaudnik, Cassandre | Corcket, Emmanuel | Rotthier, Suzanne | Wotherspoon, Katherine | Jokerud, Mari | Vandvik, Vigdis | Soons, Merel B. | Hefting, Mariet M. | Aarrestad, Per Arild | Alard, Didier | Diekmann, Martin | Dupre, Cecilia | Dise, Nancy B. | Gowing, David J. G. | Bobbink, Roland | Research Institute | Lancaster Environment Centre ; Lancaster University | Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB) | Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group ; Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR) | Open University | University of Bergen (UiB) | Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University [Utrecht] | Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) | Universität Bremen [Deutschland] = University of Bremen [Germany] = Université de Brême [Allemagne] | School of Science and the Environment ; Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) | Radboud University [Nijmegen]
International audience | Emissions and deposition of ammonia and nitrogen oxides have strongly increased since the 1950s. This has led to significant changes in the nitrogen (N) cycle, vegetation composition and plant diversity in many ecosystems of high conservation value in Europe. As a consequence of different regional pollution levels and of the increased importance of reduced N in the near future, determining the effect of different forms of N is an important task for understanding the consequences of atmospheric N inputs. We have initiated three replicated N addition experiments in species-rich, acidic grasslands spanning a climatic gradient in the Atlantic biogeographic region of Europe in Norway, Wales and France at sites with low levels of pollution. N was added in two doses (0 and 70 kg N ha−1 year−1 above background) and in three forms (oxidised N, reduced N and a 50–50 combination). After 2.5 years of N additions, the effects of these treatments on plant biomass, plant nutritional status, soil pH and soil nutrient availability were determined. Impacts of the N additions were observed within the 2.5-year research period. In some cases, the first signs of differential effects of N form could also be demonstrated. In the French site, for example, grass biomass was significantly increased by the oxidised N treatments but decreased by the reduced N treatments. In the Norwegian site, the reduced N treatments significantly reduced soil pH, whereas oxidised N did not. Effects on nutrient availability were also observed. These experiments will be continued to elucidate the longer term impacts of N deposition on these grasslands.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Extractability of water-soluble soil organic matter as monitored by spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses Полный текст
2012
Nkhili, Ezzohra | Guyot, Ghislain | Vassal, Nathalie | Richard, Claire | Photochimie moléculaire et macromoléculaire (PMM) ; Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie (INC-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)
Extractability of water-soluble soil organic matter as monitored by spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses Полный текст
2012
Nkhili, Ezzohra | Guyot, Ghislain | Vassal, Nathalie | Richard, Claire | Photochimie moléculaire et macromoléculaire (PMM) ; Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie (INC-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)
International audience | Cold and hot water processes have been intensively used to recover soil organic matter, but the effect of extraction conditions on the composition of the extracts were not well investigated. Our objective was to optimize the extraction conditions (time and temperature) to increase the extracted carbon efficiency while minimizing the possible alteration of water extractable organic matter of soil (WEOM). WEOM were extracted at 20A degrees C, 60A degrees C, or 80A degrees C for 24 h, 10-60 min, and 20 min, respectively. The different processes were compared in terms of pH of suspensions, yield of organic carbon, spectroscopic properties (ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence), and by chromatographic analyses. For extraction at 60A degrees C, the time 30 min was optimal in terms of yield of organic carbon extracted and concentration of absorbing and fluorescent species. The comparison of WEOM 20A degrees C, 24 h; 60A degrees C, 30 min; and 80A degrees C, 20 min highlighted significant differences. The content of total organic carbon, the value of specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA(254)), the absorbance ratio at 254 and 365 nm (E (2)/E (3)), and the humification index varied in the order: WEOM (20A degrees C, 24 h) < WEOM (80A degrees C, 20 min) < WEOM (60A degrees C, 30 min). The three WEOM contained common fluorophores associated with simple aromatic structures and/or fulvic-like and common peaks of distinct polarity as detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography. For the soil chosen, extraction at 60A degrees C for 30 min is the best procedure for enrichment in organic chemicals and minimal alteration of the organic matter.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Extractability of water-soluble soil organic matter as monitored by spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses Полный текст
2012
Nkhili, Ezzhora | Guyot, Ghislain | Vassal, Nathalie | Richard, Claire
PURPOSE: Cold and hot water processes have been intensively used to recover soil organic matter, but the effect of extraction conditions on the composition of the extracts were not well investigated. Our objective was to optimize the extraction conditions (time and temperature) to increase the extracted carbon efficiency while minimizing the possible alteration of water extractable organic matter of soil (WEOM). METHOD: WEOM were extracted at 20°C, 60°C, or 80°C for 24 h, 10–60 min, and 20 min, respectively. The different processes were compared in terms of pH of suspensions, yield of organic carbon, spectroscopic properties (ultraviolet–visible absorption and fluorescence), and by chromatographic analyses. RESULTS: For extraction at 60°C, the time 30 min was optimal in terms of yield of organic carbon extracted and concentration of absorbing and fluorescent species. The comparison of WEOM 20°C, 24 h; 60°C, 30 min; and 80°C, 20 min highlighted significant differences. The content of total organic carbon, the value of specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA254), the absorbance ratio at 254 and 365 nm (E 2/E 3), and the humification index varied in the order: WEOM (20°C, 24 h) < WEOM (80°C, 20 min) < WEOM (60°C, 30 min). The three WEOM contained common fluorophores associated with simple aromatic structures and/or fulvic-like and common peaks of distinct polarity as detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography. CONCLUSIONS: For the soil chosen, extraction at 60°C for 30 min is the best procedure for enrichment in organic chemicals and minimal alteration of the organic matter.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Tropical plants of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment on looking at human and social sciences | L'utilisation de végétaux tropicaux des marais artificiels pour l'assainissement d'un point de vue des sciences humaines et sociales Полный текст
2010
Fardin, F. | Hollé, A. | Gautier, E. | da Lage, A. | Molle, Pascal | Haury, J. | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8) | Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions (UR MALY) ; Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF) | AGROCAMPUS OUEST
[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]TED [Axe_IRSTEA]TED-EPURE | International audience | Thus, choosing to plant local macrophytes species in CWs can be considered as an asset for the development of CWs, since it can be a part of global development projects which integrate cultural, social and economic characteristics. But, because of the ability of some macrophytes to accumulate toxic elements, human utilisation of CWs macrophytes has to be managed considering health damage potentiality. Spontaneous macrophytes diversity has to be appreciated for its key-role in the development of CWs in developing countries, not only from an ecological point of view, but also from cultural, social, sanitary and economic views.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Table Ronde "Effet des polluants atmosphériques sur les végétaux" | Table Ronde "Effet des polluants atmosphériques sur les végétaux": Réalisation d'arboretums pour l'étude du comportement d'espèces vis à vis de la pollution atmosphérique. Полный текст
1978
Bastien, J.C. | Birot, Y. | Unité de recherche Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières (AGPF) ; Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
International audience
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Identification of instrumental artifacts in terpene detection: field studies and follow-up chamber campaign ACROSS-HECTIC Полный текст
2024
Bachelier, Fanny | Mcgillen, Max, R | Veyrat, R. | Grosselin, Benoit | Jamar, Marina | Dusanter, Sébastien | Salameh, Thérèse | Flaud, Pierre-Marie | Perraudin, Emilie | Villenave, Eric | Cazaunau, Mathieu | Bauville, A. | Bertin, T. | Gaimoz, Cécile | Michoud, Vincent | Gros, Valérie | Baisnée, D. | Lafouge, Florence | Ciuraru, Raluca | Krysztofiak, Gisele | Berthet, G. | Dufresne, C. | Chartier, A. | Nasreddine, R. | Amiet, J.P. | Bazin, D. | Daële, Véronique | Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE) ; Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes - CNRS Ingénierie (INSIS - CNRS) | Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE - IMT Nord Europe) ; Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Nord Europe) ; Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT) | Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC) ; École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) ; Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité) | Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA Paris-Saclay) ; AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES) | Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA) ; Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie - CNRS Chimie (INC-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | CHROMATOTEC | Véronique Daële | Abdelwahid Mellouki | Nada Moummade
International audience
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Création de jumeaux numériques environnementaux à l'interface entre les agro/écosystèmes et l'atmosphère : Projet SOL-AIR du programme JUNON Полный текст
2024
Daële, Véronique | de Filippis, Emilie | Yahyaoui, Abderrazak | Lecomte, Rodolphe | Mcgillen, Max | Grossel, Agnès | Cousin, Isabelle | Moulard, Nathalie | Guimbaud, Christophe | Mazeron, Juliette | Deschamps, Nicolas | Laggoun-Défarge, Fatima | Moquet, Jean-Sébastien | Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE) ; Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des Sciences de l'Ingénierie et des Systèmes - CNRS Ingénierie (INSIS - CNRS) | Lig'Air (Lig'Air) | Info&Sols (Info&Sols) ; Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) | Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E) ; Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES) | Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO) ; Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Géosciences pour l'énergie & l'environnement ; Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO) ; Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) | Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique | ICARE-CNRS (Orléans-France).
International audience
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