Unconventional natural gas drilling and the use of hydraulic fracturing technology have expanded rapidly in North America. This expansion has raised concerns of surface water contamination by way of spills and leaks, which may be sporadic, small, and therefore difficult to detect. Here we explore the use of otolith microchemistry as a tool for monitoring surface water contamination from generated waters (GW) of unconventional natural gas drilling. We exposed Brook Trout in the laboratory to three volumetric concentrations of surrogate generated water (SGW) representing GW on day five of drilling. Transects across otolith cross-sections were analyzed for a suite of elements by LA-ICP-MS. Brook Trout exposed to a 0.01–1.0% concentration of SGW for 2, 15, and 30 days showed a significant (p < 0.05) relationship of increasing Sr and Ba concentrations in all but one treatment. Analyses indicate lesser concentrations than used in this experiment could be detectable in surface waters and provide support for the use of this technique in natural habitats. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of how trace elements in fish otoliths may be used to monitor for surface water contamination from GW.

There have been few large multicity studies to evaluate the acute health effects of ambient air pollution on morbidity risk in developing counties. In this study, we examined the short-term associations of air pollution with daily hospital admissions in China. We conducted a nationwide time-series study in 218 Chinese cities between 2014 and 2016. Data on daily hospital admissions counts were obtained from the National Health Insurance Database for Urban Employees covering 0.28 billion enrollees. We used generalized additive model with Poisson regression to estimate the associations in each city, and we performed random-effects meta-analysis to pool the city-specific estimates. More than 60 million hospital admissions were analyzed in this study. At the national-average level, each 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂, and 1 mg/m³ increase in CO at lag 0 day was associated with a 0.29% (95% CI, 0.23%–0.36%), 1.16% (95% CI, 0.92%–1.40%), 1.68% (95% CI, 1.40%–1.95%), and 2.59% (95% CI, 1.69%–3.50%) higher daily hospital admissions, respectively. The associations of air pollution with hospital admissions remained statistically significant at levels below the current Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards. The effect estimates were larger in cities with lower air pollutants levels or higher air temperatures and relative humidity, as well as in the elderly. In conclusion, our findings provide robust evidence of increased hospital admissions in association with short-term exposure to ambient air pollution in China.

The emerging insensitive munitions compound (IMC) 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) is currently being used to replace conventional explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), but the environmental fate of this increasingly widespread IMC remains poorly understood. Upon release from unexploded solid phase ordinances, NTO exhibits high aqueous solubility and, hence, potential mobilization to groundwater. Adsorption and abiotic transformation at metal oxide surfaces are possible mechanisms for natural attenuation. Here, the reactions at ferrihydrite and birnessite surfaces of NTO and its biotransformation product, 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazol-5-one (ATO), were studied in stirred batch reactor systems at controlled pH (7.0). The study was carried out at metal oxide solid to solution ratios (SSR) of 0.15, 1.5 and 15 g kg−1. The samples were collected at various time intervals up to 3 h after reaction initiation, and analyzed using HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. We found no detectable adsorption or transformation of NTO upon reaction with birnessite, whereas ATO was highly susceptible to oxidation by the same mineral, showing nearly complete transformation within 5 min at 15 g kg−1 SSR to urea, CO2(g) and N2(g). The mean surface-area-normalized pseudo-first order rate constant (k) for ATO oxidation by birnessite across all SSRs was 0.05 ± 0.022 h−1 m−2, and oxidation kinetics were independent of dissolved O2 concentration. Both NTO and ATO were resistant to oxidation by ferrihydrite. However, NTO showed partial removal from solution upon reaction with ferrihydrite at 0.15 and 1.5 g kg−1 SSR and complete loss at 15 g kg−1 SSR due to strong adsorption. Conversely, ATO adsorption to ferrihydrite was much weaker than that measured for NTO.

Spatial uncertainty information of the environmental risk of soil heavy metal is crucial for precise environmental management. This study first compared three geostatistical methods for spatial simulation of soil Copper (Cu) in a peri-urban agriculture area of Wuhan city, China, that are sequential Gaussian co-simulation (CoSGS) with auxiliary in-situ portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) data (CoSGS_in-situ), CoSGS with auxiliary ex-situ PXRF data (CoSGS_ex-situ), and sequential Gaussian simulation without auxiliary data (SGS). Then, the environmental risk of soil Cu was assessed based on the joint thresholds of soil Cu and soil pH in the Chinese soil environmental quality standards II. The geostatistical simulated realizations of soil Cu and soil pH were used to calculate the probabilities of exceeding the joint thresholds. Validation showed that CoSGS_ex-situ is slightly better than CoSGS_in-situ in the performance of both E-type estimates (i.e., mathematical expectation estimates) and uncertainty modelling of soil Cu, and SGS is the worst. The spatial uncertainty information of both soil Cu and soil pH was transferred to the environmental risk map through the corresponding geostatistical simulated realizations. The areas with higher probabilities of exceeding the joint thresholds mainly located in the northwest and southwest of the study area. It is concluded that CoSGS_ex-situ and CoSGS_in-situ were more cost-effective than the traditional SGS in the spatial simulation of soil Cu, and the simulated realizations of soil Cu and soil pH provide a solution to the spatial assessment of the probabilities of exceeding the joint thresholds.

Thirteen secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers of isoprene (SOAI), monoterpenes (SOAM), sesquiterpenes (SOAS) and aromatics (SOAA) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured at a Pearl River Delta (PRD) regional site for one year. The characteristics including their seasonal cycles and the factors influencing their formation in this region were studied. The seasonal patterns of SOAI, SOAM and SOAS tracers were characterized over three enhancement periods in summer (I), autumn (II) and winter (III), while the elevations of SOAA tracer (i.e., 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, DHOPA) were observed in Periods II and III. We found that SOA formed from different biogenic precursors could be driven by several factors during a one-year seasonal cycle. Isoprene emission controlled SOAI formation throughout the year, while monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions facilitated SOAM and SOAS formation in summer rather than in other seasons. The influence of atmospheric oxidants (Ox) was found to be an important factor of the formation of SOAM tracers during the enhancement periods in autumn and winter. The formation of SOAS tracer was influenced by the precursor emissions in summer, atmospheric oxidation in autumn and probably also by biomass burning in both summer and winter. In this study, we could not see the strong contribution of biomass burning to DHOPA as suggested by previous studies in this region. Instead, good correlations between observed DHOPA and Ox as well as [NO2][O3] suggest the involvement of both ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the formation of DHOPA. The results showed that regional air pollution may not only increase the emissions of aromatic precursors but also can greatly promote the formation processes.

The Sanjiang Plain, which is located in northeastern China, given the distribution of temperate freshwater wetlands there and this region has considerable significance in ensuring food security in China. Two periods of farmland reclamation that occurred during the last 100 years led to the loss of nearly 80% of the area of the native wetlands, and the development of agriculture has also increased the potential environmental risks to the residual wetlands. To evaluate the effects of farmland reclamation on the accumulation of key elements within the residual wetland ecosystems, six wetland profiles in the Sanjiang Plain are selected in this study. Using age-depth models and the concentrations of key elements, the historical accumulation rates (ARs) of carbon (C), nutrient elements (N and P) and potentially toxic elements (Hg, As, Pb, Cu, and Zn) over the last 150 years are reconstructed. The results show that the ARs of the potentially toxic elements in two of the wetland profiles begin to increase during the first reclamation period (AD 1900–1930). The ARs of both of the key elements clearly increase in all of the wetland profiles during the second reclamation period (AD 1950–1980). After land reclamation had ceased, increases in population and the development of industry became major factors that caused the potential environmental risks to wetlands to continue to increase from AD 1980 to the present. During the last 100 years, reclamation has increased the potential environmental risks and has led to the storage of additional carbon in the residual wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain.

Global water safety is facing great challenges due to increased population and demand. There is an urgent need to develop suitable water treatment strategy for small rural and remote communities in low-income developing countries. In order to find a low-cost solution, the reduction of E. coli using ceramic water disk coated with nano ZnO was investigated in this study. The performance of modified ceramic disk filters was influenced by several factors in the filter production process. Based on the factorial analysis, the pore size of the disk filters was the most significant factor for influencing E. coli removal efficiency and the clay content was the most significant one for influencing flow rate of modified disk filters. The coating of nano ZnO led to the change of disk filter surface and porosity. The reduction of E. coli could be attributed to both filter retention and photocatalytic antibacterial activity of nano ZnO. The effects of filter operation factors including initial E. coli concentration, illumination time and lamp power on E. coli removal effectiveness were also revealed. The results can help find a safe and cost-effective approach to solve drinking water problems in small rural and remote communities of developing regions.

Oil pollution of waters is one of the most serious environmental problems globally. The long half-life and persistence within the environment makes oil particularly toxic and difficult to remediate. There is a significant need for efficient and cost-effective oil recovery technologies to be brought in to practice. In this study, we developed a facile and efficient magnetic separation method. The surface of 316L stainless steel nanoparticles was modified by plasma deposition of 1,7-octadiene and perfluorooctane, producing relatively hydrophobic coatings having water contact angles of 86 and 100°, respectively. Both coatings had high oil removal efficiency (ORE) of >99%. The captured oil could be easily separated by applying an external magnetic force. The ease of material preparation and separation from the water after the oil is captured, and its high ORE is a compelling argument for further development and optimization of the technology to possible utilization into practice. Furthermore, the capacity of plasma polymerization to deliver desired surface properties can extend the application of the technology to removing other chemical and biological contaminants from polluted waters.

Studies of source apportionment (SA) for particulate matter (PM) air pollution have enhanced understanding of dominant pollution sources and quantification of their contribution. Although there have been many SA studies in South Korea over the last two decades, few studies provided an integrated understanding of PM sources nationwide. The aim of this study was to summarize findings of PM SA studies of South Korea and to explore study characteristics.We selected studies that estimated sources of PM10 and PM2.5 performed for 2000–2017 in South Korea using Positive Matrix Factorization and Chemical Mass Balance. We reclassified the original PM sources identified in each study into seven categories: motor vehicle, secondary aerosol, soil dust, biomass/field burning, combustion/industry, natural source, and others. These seven source categories were summarized by using frequency and contribution across four regions, defined by northwest, west, southeast, and southwest regions, by PM10 and PM2.5. We also computed the population-weighted mean contribution of each source category. In addition, we compared study features including sampling design, sampling and lab analysis methods, chemical components, and the inclusion of Asian dust days.In the 21 selected studies, all six PM10 studies identified motor vehicle, soil dust, and combustion/industry, while all 15 PM2.5 studies identified motor vehicle and soil dust. Different from the frequency, secondary aerosol produced a large contribution to both PM10 and PM2.5. Motor vehicle contributed highly to both, whereas the contribution of combustion/industry was high for PM10. The population-weighted mean contribution was the highest for the motor vehicle and secondary aerosol sources for both PM10 and PM2.5. However, these results were based on different subsets of chemical speciation data collected at a single sampling site, commonly in metropolitan areas, with short overlap and measured by different lab analysis methods.We found that motor vehicle and secondary aerosol were the most common and influential sources for PM in South Korea. Our study, however, suggested a caution to understand SA findings from heterogeneous study features for study designs and input data.