Air pollution is considered a global concern due to its impacts on human life and the urban environment. Therefore, precise modeling techniques are necessary to predict air quality in congested areas such as megacities. Recently, machine learning algorithms such as Neural Networks show significant possibilities in air quality studies. This paper proposes a model to estimate air quality in a congested urban area in Baghdad city using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm and Geospatial Information System (GIS) techniques. Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas is selected as the main air pollutant. The model parameters involve; CO samples, traffic flow, weather data, and land use information collected in the field. The proposed model is implemented in Matlab environment and the results are processed after entering ArcGIS software. Using its spatial analysis tools, the outputs are presented as a map. The final findings indicate the highest value of CO emissions that reached 34 ppm during the daytime. The most polluted areas are located near congested roads and industrial locations in comparison with residential areas. The proposed model is validated by using actual values that are collected from the field, where the model's accuracy is 79%. The proposed model showed feasibility and applicability in a congested urban area due to the integration between the machine learning algorithm and GIS modeling. Therefore, the proposed model in this research can be used as a supportive model for decision making of city managers.

Though, the attention of researchers on exploring the impact of economic policy uncertainty on carbon emissions is on increase, however, the impact of different types of economic policy uncertainty remains unexplored. Thus, this study investigates the impact of different types of economic policy uncertainty on carbon emissions in Japan. A monthly data from 1987M1 to 2019M12 was used, while the FMOLS, DOLS, CCR and ARDL estimators were employed for examining the cointegration among the variables, as well as the long- and short-run relationship between types of economic policy uncertainty and carbon emissions. The study findings revealed a long-run cointegration among energy consumption, per capita income, fiscal, exchange rate, monetary, and trade policy uncertainties and carbon emissions. Moreover, this study found energy consumption, exchange rate, monetary, and trade policy uncertainties to contribute significantly to the increase of carbon emissions in Japan. Finally, this study suggests that environmental policy makers in Japan should take into account the economic policy uncertainty so as to promote robust information for climate policy that will be targeted at ameliorating the carbon emissions in Japan.

Produced water is a large amount of water wasted throughout the crude oil extraction process, it's a mixture of the well's deposition water and the water of oil wells extraction water. Produced water contains oil, suspended solids and dissolves solid. This study tested produced water collected from Alahdab oilfield/middle oil company for oil content and suspended solid contamination using chemical precipitation and coagulation-flocculation for reinjection and environmental considerations. Coagulation/flocculation is a common method used as primary purification to oily wastewater treatment due to its usability, performance, and low cost. Coagulant experimental was completed by A jar test device, additives of ferric sulfate and aluminium sulfate were in a range about (10 ـ 40) ppm, as well as polyelectrolyte- (polyacrylamide) as an additional flocculent in the range (1.5-3) ppm. The results show that ferric sulfate was more efficient at removing turbidity than aluminium sulfate under the same conditions, with the best removal of turbidity at dose concentration 30 ppm of Ferric sulfate and a flocculent dose concentration of 2.5 ppm of polyacrylamide, also with oil content decreasing from 396.71 ppm to 53.56 ppm.

In this study, the adsorptive removal of two dyes (crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB)) with HNO3 pre-treated water hyacinth powder (WHP) adsorbent was analysed. The experiments were designed using response surface methodology (RSM) with variable input parameter pH (2-12), adsorbent dose (0.5-3 g/L), initial dyes concentration (25-200 mg/L) and time (10-180 min). The optimization condition for dye removal were (pH = 7.22, adsorbent dose = 3.0 g/L, initial dye concentration = 195.28 mg/L and time of contact = 99.29 min) for CV with removal of 98.20% and (pH = 9.82, adsorbent dose = 2.96 g/L, initial dye concentration = 199.36 mg/L and contact time = 111.74 min) for MB with removal of 97.843%. The above findings observed that pre-treated water hyacinth powder can be utilised as a cost-effective and efficient adsorbent for dye effluent wastewater treatment.

The Phromhot Canal is the only natural water source for consumption and agriculture the Sa Kaeo special economic zone, Thailand. At present, the Phromhot Canal is facing a serious problem with water quality. Our study carried out to analyze and assess the pollution carrying capacity of the natural water resource. The sampling sites were examined 7 stations cut across the downstream areas. All these stations were served as the control station to represent the actual condition of the Phromhot Canal. The results indicated that the water quality of the Phromhot Canal after flowing through the Aranyaprathet Municipality's wastewater treatment plant (AM's-WWTP) was severely contaminated. Effluents from the AM's-WWTP does not meet the effluent quality standard of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand. In addition, it can flow into the water body up to 6,439.55 m3/day. The maximum amount of a pollutant (in terms of BOD loading) allowed to enter a water body of the Phromhot Canal should be ≤ 0.08 kgBOD/day (dry period) and 16.52 kgBOD/day (wet period). While the Phromhot Canal has to carry BOD loading up to 51.12 kgBOD/day. For this reason, the Phromhot Canal at after flowing through the WWTP was unable to the pollution carrying capacity. From the field survey, the AM's-WWTP is not suitable for wastewater treatment, which has a capacity of 923.93 m3/day. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control the drainage of the wastewater from the Aranyaprathet Municipality's wastewater treatment system, both quantitative and geographic.

Macrophytes are creatures with low versatility and cannot stay away from any mix of streamflow, nutrient accessibility, and other physical and chemical attributes that impact their survival in the aquatic system. Sampling for macrophytes in Chanchaga River was conducted monthly for a 6-month period (May - October 2019). Sampling stations were selected at approximately equal distance along the streamline, the aquatic vegetation were surveyed, and some environmental variables were analysed using standard methods. Results obtained indicated that temperature ranged from 24.6-28.4°C; pH 6.4 -9.7; Electrical conductivity 28.0-79.0μS cm-1; Total dissolved solids 16-75 mg L-1; Dissolved oxygen(DO) 1.3-5.2 mg L-1; Nitrate 0.217-0.654 mg L-1; Phosphate 0.084-0.211 mg L-1; Biological oxygen demand (BOD) 0.89-5.4 mg L-1 and total alkalinity 8.00-11.00 mgL-1 for the study period. A total of eleven (11) macrophyte species belonging to ten genera and eight families were identified during the entire study. Variations in terms of families showed that Araliaceae was the most abundant followed by Poaceae, while Cyperaceae had more species throughout the study period. The high frequency of Araliaceae, Cyperaceae, and Poaceae families suggests that the environmental characteristics favour these species. We propose the use of Cyperus digitatus, Cyperus papyrus and Mimosa spp. as macrophytes indicators of organic pollution in Chanchaga River.

This study analyzed the potential use of Mahagoni wood charcoal (MWC) and Mahagoni bark charcoal (MBC) as biosorbent for reactive red 120 (RR 120) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The effect of different operating parameters such as contact time (1–210 min), pH (3–11), adsorbent dose (1–20 g/L), and initial RR 120 concentration (5–70 mg/L) on adsorption processes was studied under batch adsorption experiments. The maximum removal of RR 120 by MWC (78%) and MBC (88%) was achieved when the optimum conditions were initial RR 120 concentration (5 mg/L), pH (3), adsorbents dose (10 g/L) and equilibrium contact time (150 min). The RR 120 adsorption data of MWC and MBC were better described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, respectively. The MWC and MBC showed maximum adsorption capacities of 3.806 and 5.402 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic adsorption data of all adsorbents (MWC and MBC) followed the pseudo-second-order model and this adsorption process was controlled by chemisorption with multi-step diffusion. A lower desorption rate advocated that both strong and weak binding forces could exist between RR 120 molecules and adsorbents. The study results revealed that the utilization of either MWC and or MBC as an adsorbent for treating RR 120 is effective and environmentally friendly.

In this study natural bentonite (NB) and acid-thermal co-modified bentonite (MB) were utilized as adsorbents for the removal of Thymol Blue (TB) from aqueous solution. The batch adsorption experiments were conducted under different experimental conditions. The artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) were applied to estimate removal percentage (%) of TB. Mean squared error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) values were used to evaluate the results. In addition, the experimental data were fitted isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin) and kinetic models (pseudo first order (PFO), pseudo second order (PSO) and intra-particle diffusion (IPD)). The adsorption of TB on both the NB and MB followed well the PSO kinetic model, and was best suited Langmuir isotherm model. When the temperature was increased from 298 K to 323 K for 20 mg/L of TB initial concentration, the removal percentage of TB onto the NB and MB increased from 74.91% to 84.07% and 81.19% to 93.12%, respectively. This results were confirmed by the positive ΔH° values indicated that the removal process was endothermic for both the NB and MB. The maximum adsorption capacity was found as 48.7805 mg/g and 117.6471 mg/g for the NB and MB, respectively (at 323 K). As a result, with high surface area and adsorption capacity, the MB is a great candidate for TB dye removal from wastewater, and the ANFIS model is better than the ANN model at estimating the removal percentage of the dye.

Climate change could be exacerbated by waste disposal problems, which destroy the ecosystem. Utilizing waste byproducts in creating eco-friendlier geopolymer concrete was hypothesised to be suitable and sustainable to overcome the negative impacts of wastes. The researchers had missed out on developing an alternate binder due to increasing demand for fly ash, high alkaline activators, and higher curing temperatures. This research used waste wood ash that is readily accessible in local restaurants and has an inherent potassium constituent. It has decided to replace the fly ash with waste wood ash obtained through nearby restaurants at intervals of 10 percent. The fresh and mechanical features have been discovered over long curing periods to assess the impact of waste wood ash. SEM and XRD have been used for characterising the microstructure of selected geopolymer mixes. In terms of setting properties and all mechanical parameters, replacing 30 percent waste wood ash produced enhanced results. The optimised mix could be used in geopolymer to replace fly ash and reduce the cost of alkaline activators while also reducing ecosystem damage.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), abundant in mixed contaminant sites, often coexist with heavy metals. The fate and remediation of PAHs depend heavily on the sorption and desorption behavior of these contaminants. The sorption behavior can in turn be highly affected by certain soil components and properties, such as soil organic matter (SOM) and the presence of heavy metals. Through review of the literature focused on research from 2006 to 2018, this paper discusses interactions, challenges, influencing factors and potential synergies in sorption/desorption of mixed PAHs and heavy metal contamination of soil. The presence of either natural organic matter or heavy metals can enhance the sorption capability of fine soil, retarding the PAHs in the solid matrix. The co-existence of SOM and heavy metals has been reported to have synergistic effect on PAHs sorption. Enhanced and surfactant desorption of PAHs are also affected by the presence of both SOM and metals. Remediation techniques for PAHs removal from soil, such as soil washing, soil flushing and electrokinetics, can be affected by the presence of SOM and heavy metals. More detailed studies on the simultaneous effects of soil components and properties on the sorption/desorption of PAHs are needed to enhance the effectiveness of PAHs remediation technologies.