While numerous studies worldwide have evaluated the short-term associations of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM) air pollution with mortality and morbidity, these studies may be susceptible to short-term harvesting effect. We aimed to investigate the short-term association between mortality and PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and those between 2.5 and 10 μm (PMc) within a month prior to death, and assess the mortality displacement by PM2.5 and PMc among elderly population in Hong Kong.We obtained air pollution data from January 2011 to December 2015 from Environmental Protection Department, and daily cause-specific mortality data from Census and Statistical Department of Hong Kong. We performed generalized additive distributed lag model to examine the acute, delayed and long-lasting effects of PM2.5 and PMc within one month on mortality.We observed a statistically significant association of PM2.5 and PMc exposure over lags 0–6 days with all natural mortality and cardio-respiratory mortality. The overall cumulative effect of PM2.5 over 0–30 lag days was 3.44% (95% CI: 0.30–6.67%) increase in all natural mortality and 6.90% (95% CI: 0.58–13.61%) increase of circulatory mortality, which suggested the absence of mortality displacement by PM2.5. On the other hand, no significant cumulative association with mortality was found for PMc over 0–30 lag exposure window, and thus mortality displacement by PMc cannot be ruled out. Findings remained robust in various sensitivity analyses.We found adverse effect of both PM2.5 and PMc exposure within one week prior to death. While there was no evidence of mortality displacement in the association of PM2.5 exposure over one month prior with all natural and circulatory mortality, mortality displacement by PMc cannot be ruled out. PM2.5 may contribute more to the longer term effect of particulate matter than PMc.

Few studies have estimated historical exposures to PM₁₀ at a national scale in China using satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD). Also, long-term trends have not been investigated.In this study, daily concentrations of PM₁₀ over China during the past 12 years were estimated with the most recent ground monitoring data, AOD, land use information, weather data and a machine learning approach.Daily measurements of PM₁₀ during 2014–2016 were collected from 1479 sites in China. Two types of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD data, land use information, and weather data were downloaded and merged. A random forests model (non-parametric machine learning algorithms) and two traditional regression models were developed and their predictive abilities were compared. The best model was applied to estimate daily concentrations of PM₁₀ across China during 2005–2016 at 0.1⁰ (≈10 km).Cross-validation showed our random forests model explained 78% of daily variability of PM₁₀ [root mean squared prediction error (RMSE) = 31.5 μg/m³]. When aggregated into monthly and annual averages, the models captured 82% (RMSE = 19.3 μg/m³) and 81% (RMSE = 14.4 μg/m³) of the variability. The random forests model showed much higher predictive ability and lower bias than the other two regression models. Based on the predictions of random forests model, around one-third of China experienced with PM₁₀ pollution exceeding Grade Ⅱ National Ambient Air Quality Standard (>70 μg/m³) in China during the past 12 years. The highest levels of estimated PM₁₀ were present in the Taklamakan Desert of Xinjiang and Beijing-Tianjin metropolitan region, while the lowest were observed in Tibet, Yunnan and Hainan. Overall, the PM₁₀ level in China peaked in 2006 and 2007, and declined since 2008.This is the first study to estimate historical PM₁₀ pollution using satellite-based AOD data in China with random forests model. The results can be applied to investigate the long-term health effects of PM₁₀ in China.

The urban water ecosystems, such as the landscape ponds are commonly considered under the influence of anthropogenic disturbances, which can lead to the deterioration of the water quality. The prokaryotic communities are considered as one of the best indicators of the water quality. However, there are significant gaps in understanding the ecological processes that shape the composition and function of prokaryotic communities in the urban water ecosystems. Here, we investigated the biogeographic distribution of prokaryotic assemblages in water environments including landscape ponds, drinking water reservoirs, influents (IFs) and effluents (EFs) of wastewater treatment plants of a coastal city (Xiamen), China, by using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Our results indicated that the ponds had higher α-diversity of prokaryotic communities than those in the reservoirs, while there were significant variations in the community compositions among ponds, reservoirs, IFs and EFs. Moreover, ponds harbored a significantly higher proportion of sewage- and fecal-indicator taxa than those in the reservoirs, suggesting the occurrence of exogenous pollution in the urban ponds. Null model analysis revealed that dispersal limitation was the main ecological processes resulting in the divergence of prokaryotic community compositions between ponds and other environments, while dispersal limitation and variable selection played an essential role in the formation of unique prokaryotic assemblages in the reservoirs. Function predication analysis demonstrated that the ponds shared more similar functional profiles with IFs or EFs (e.g., chemoheterotrophy, fermentation, chlorate reducers, nitrate reduction and respiration) than the reservoirs, whereas dominance of photoautotrophy was observed in the reservoirs. Overall, this study provides a profound insight of the ecological mechanisms underlying the responses of prokaryotic communities in the urban landscape ponds to the anthropogenic disturbances.

Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure receives great ecotoxicological concern. However, gaps in knowledge, such as metabolism of BPA and inconsistent reports on reproductive toxicity, still exist. In this study, a marine fish model (Oryzias melastigma) was exposed to serial concentrations of BPA throughout its whole life cycle. The level of BPA-glucuronide (BPAG) dramatically increased throughout the embryonic stage since 4 dpf. Accordingly, the mRNA level and enzymatic activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) increased across the embryonic stage. The mRNA level of UGT2 subtype rather than UGT1 or UGT5 showed a concentration dependent response to BPA exposure. BPA exposure led to the morphological disruption of the chorion and villi as shown by scanning electron microscopy; however, the hatchability was not significantly influenced after exposure. Newly hatching larvae were continuously exposed to BPA for 120 days. Lower mRNA levels of hormone metabolism-related genes, decreased ratio of E2/T, slower ovary development and decreased egg production confirmed the inhibitory effect of BPA on reproduction. Overall, our results showed the conjugation of BPA into BPAG by UGT2 at the embryonic stage and convinced the reproductive toxicity from multiple levels after whole life exposure to BPA.

Despite of their ubiquitous distribution in marine sediments, the role of benthic fauna in microplastic transport at the sea floor has received little attention yet. The present study investigated the influence of bioturbation activity of the polychaete Arenicola marina on microplastic transport and burial in marine sediments. Sediment ingestion was assessed in a long term mesocosm experiment with exposure times ranging from 106 to 240 days, using three particle tracers with different particle diameters (microplastic: 500 and 1000 μm, respectively; luminophores: 130 μm). Sediment grain size distributions were assessed after experiment termination in all feeding layers at 8–12 cm depth to determine the influence of size-selective feeding of A. marina on median grain size and microplastic retention. Burial of microplastic occurred in all mesocosms up to a depth of 20 cm and was strongly dependent on individual sediment feeding rates. For low bioturbation conditions, both microplastic and luminophore concentrations exhibited an exponential decrease with increasing sediment depth, indicating particle burial via feeding funnel transport. Particle concentrations remained high in the uppermost 4 cm of the sediment. At high bioturbation rates, no microplastic particles remained in near-surface sediment layers, but a distinct accumulation of microplastic was observed in the feeding layer, suggesting the discrimination of plastic particles during feeding. In contrast, luminophores displayed a similar accumulation, but additionally showed uniform distributions above feeding layers, indicating ingestion and defecation by polychaetes. In accordance with these findings, an overall coarsening of median grain sizes was observed in all feeding layers, indicating the retention of large microplastic due to size-selective feeding. These findings demonstrate the ability of the conveyor belt-feeding polychaete A. marina to promote unidirectional transports of microplastic ≥500 μm and the potential for the long-term retention of these particles in marine sediments.

In the study, observational data analyses and the WRF-CHEM model simulations are used to investigate the role of sea-land and mountain-valley breeze circulations in a severe air pollution event occurred in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) during August 9–10, 2013. Both the wind observations and the model simulations have clearly indicated the evolution of the sea-land and mountain-valley breeze circulations during the event. The WRF-CHEM model generally reproduces the local meteorological circulations and also performs well in simulating temporal variations and spatial distributions of fine particulate matters (PM₂.₅) and ozone (O₃) concentrations compared to observations in BTH. The model results have shown that the offshore land breeze transports the pollutants formed in Shandong province to the Bohai Gulf in the morning, causing the formation of high O₃ and PM₂.₅ concentrations over the gulf. The onshore sea breeze not only causes the formation of a convergence zone to induce upward movement, mitigating the surface pollution to some degree, also recirculates the pollutants over the gulf to deteriorate the air quality in the coastal area. The upward valley breeze brings the pollutants in the urban area of Beijing to the mountain area in the afternoon, and the downward mountain breeze transports the pollutants back during nighttime. The intensity of the mountain-valley breeze circulation is weak compared to the land-sea breeze circulation in BTH. It is worth noting that the local circulations play an important role when the large-scale meteorological conditions are relatively weak.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is reported to induce nephrotoxicity in animals and humans. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) could induce porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome. To date, little is known whether virus infection aggravates mycotoxin-induced toxicity. This work aimed to study the effects of PCV2 infection on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and its mechanism in vivo and vitro. The results in vivo showed that PCV2 infection aggravated OTA-induced poor growth performance, nephrotoxicity, p38 phosphorylation and autophagy as demonstrated by Atg5, LC3 II and p62 protein expressions in kidney of pigs. The results in vitro indicated that PCV2 infection significantly aggravated OTA-induced nephrotoxicity as demonstrated by cell viabilities, annexin V/PI binding and caspase 3 activities, and induced p38 phosphorylation and autophagy in PK15 cells. p38 inhibitor decreased Atg5 and LC3 protein expression induced by PCV2 infection and OTA combined treatment. Adding autophagy inhibitor 3-MA or CQ alleviated the aggravating effects of PCV2 infection on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. Atg5-specific siRNA eliminated the aggravating effects of PCV2 infection on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. Taken together, these data indicate that in vivo and in vitro PCV2 infection aggravated OTA-induced nephrotoxicity via p38-mediated autophagy.

Marine pollution, overrepresented by plastic, is a growing concern worldwide. However, there is little knowledge on occurrence and detrimental impacts of marine debris in cetaceans. To partially fill in this gap of knowledge, we aimed to investigate the occurrence and pathologies associated with foreign bodies (FBs) in a large cohort of cetaceans (n = 465) stranded in the Canary Islands. The Canary Islands shelter the greatest cetacean biodiversity in Europe, with up to 30 different species, of which nine are regularly present year around. We found at least one ingested FB in 36 out of 465 (7.74%) studied cetaceans, involving 15 different species, including eight out of the nine (80%) cetacean species present year-round in the Canary Islands. Risso's dolphin was the species most affected, followed by sperm whale, beaked whale and mysticetes. Plastic FB were the most common item found (80.56%). FB was directly associated with death in 13/36 (36.11%) animals. Poor body condition and deep diving behavior were found to be risk factors for FB ingestion, whereas the adult age was a protective factor. To the authors knowledge this is the first study that use statistical analysis to investigate risk and protective factors for FB ingestion. This study also provides insights of the potential impact caused by ingested FBs on the animal's health and mortality. This knowledge is critical to better understand and assess the impact of FB in cetaceans setting the scientific basis for prospective impact monitoring and future conservation policies.

PM2.5 pollution is threatening human health and quality of life, especially in some densely populated regions of Asia and Africa. This paper used remotely sensed annual mean PM2.5 concentrations to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of global continental PM2.5 pollution from 2000 to 2014. The work employed an improved Bayesian space-time hierarchy model combined with a multiscale homogeneous subdivision method. The statistical results quantitatively demonstrated a ‘high-value increasing and low-value decreasing’ trend. Areas with annual PM2.5 concentrations of more than 70μg/m3 and less than 10μg/m3 expanded, while areas with of an annual PM2.5 concentrations of 10–25μg/m3 shrank. The most heavily PM2.5-polluted areas were located in northwest Africa, where the PM2.5 pollution level was 12.0 times higher than the average global continental level; parts of China represented the second most PM2.5-polluted areas, followed by northern India and Saudi Arabia and Iraq in the Middle East region. Nearly all (96.50%) of the highly PM2.5-polluted area (hot spots) had an increasing local trend, while 68.98% of the lightly PM2.5-polluted areas (cold spots) had a decreasing local trend. In contrast, 22.82% of the cold spot areas exhibited an increasing local trend. Moreover, the spatiotemporal variation in the health risk from exposure to PM2.5 over the global continents was also investigated. Four areas, India, eastern and southern China, western Africa and central Europe, had high health risks from PM2.5 exposure. Northern India, northeastern Pakistan, and mid-eastern China had not only the highest risk but also a significant increasing trend; the areas of high PM2.5 pollution risk are thus expanding, and the number of affected people is increasing. Northern and central Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, the Middle East, western Russia and central Europe also exhibited increasing PM2.5 pollution health risks.