Traditional composting has already shown a certain effect in eliminating antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). It is worth noting that the rebounding of ARGs and the succession of the bacterial community during conventional aerobic composting are still serious threats. Considering the probable risk, improved and adaptable technologies are urgently needed to control antibiotic resistance efficiently. This study monitored how thermophilic aerobic composting affected the ARGs, as well as the bacterial diversity during the composting of cow manure spiked with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) at different concentrations. Results showed that the degradation of SMX was enhanced during thermophilic aerobic composting (control > SMX25 > SMX50 > SMX100) and was no longer detected after 20 days of composting. High temperature or heat significantly stimulated the rebounding of certain genes. After 35 days, the abundance of detected genes (sul2, sulA, dfrA7, and dfrA1) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in control and antibiotic-spiked treatments, except for sul1. The addition of three concentrations of SMX elicited a sharp effect on bacterial diversity, and microbial structure in SMX25 led to significant differences with others (p < 0.05). The network analysis revealed more rigorous interactions among ARGs and abundant genera, suggesting that the host of ARGs potentially increased at low concentrations of SMX. Especially, genera g_norank_f__Beggiatoaceae, Ruminiclostridium, Caldicoprobacter, g_norank_o_MBA03, Hydrogenispora, and Ruminiclostridium_1 were major potential hosts for sul1. In conclusion, the rebounding of ARGs could be intermitted partially, and more efficient control of antibiotic resistance could be achieved in the thermophilic composting compared to conventional methods.

DNA methylation (DNAm) plays a significant role in deleterious health effects inflicted by fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) on the human body. Recent studies have reported that DNAm of imprinted control regions (ICRs) in imprinted genes may be a sensitive biomarker of environmental exposure. Less is known about specific biomarkers of imprinted genes after PM₂.₅ exposure. The relationship between PM₂.₅ and its chemical constituents and DNAm of ICRs in imprinted genes after short-term exposure was investigated to determine specific human biomarkers of its adverse health effects. A panel study was carried out in healthy young people in Guangzhou, China. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the influence of PM₂.₅ and its constituent exposure on DNAm while controlling for potential confounders. There was no significant correlation between DNAm and personal PM₂.₅ exposure mass. DNAm changes in eight ICRs (L3MBTL1, NNAT, PEG10, GNAS Ex1A, MCTS2, SNURF/SNRPN, IGF2R, and RB1) and a non-imprinted gene (CYP1B1) were significantly associated with PM₂.₅ constituents. Compared to non-imprinted genes, imprinted gene methylation was more susceptible to interference with PM₂.₅ constituent exposure. Among those genes, L3MBTL1 was the most sensitive to personal PM₂.₅ constituent exposure. Moreover, transition metals derived from traffic sources (Cd, Fe, Mn, and Ni) significantly influenced DNAm of the imprinted genes, suggesting the importance of more targeted measures to reduce toxic constituents. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that imprinted genes (RB1) may be correlated with pathways and diseases (non-small cell lung cancer, glioma, and bladder cancer). The present study suggests that screening the imprinted gene for DNAm can be used as a sensitive biomarker of PM₂.₅ exposure. The results will provide data for prevention of PM₂.₅ exposure and a novel perspective on potential mechanisms on an epigenetic level.

The concentrations of PBDEs, NBFRs, DP, PCBs, and OCPs were analyzed in water samples of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) and in soil and maize samples collected from basin irrigation areas to understand the status of POPs and associated health risks. The results showed: (1) the congeners of eight PBDEs and seven NBFRs were detected in 10 tributaries, with average concentrations of 1575 and 4288 pg. L⁻¹. Thirty-three congeners of PCBs were detected, and the average concentration of PCB was 232 pg. L⁻¹. Five HCHs were the primary congeners among twenty-three congeners of OCPs in the ten tributaries, accounting for 79% of the total. The average concentration of OCPs was 8287 pg. L⁻¹. (2) Similar congeners of HFRs, PCBs, and OCPs were found in the trunk water. The ranking based on the HFR concentration was upstream > downstream > midstream, and that of the PCB and OCP concentration was downstream > upstream > midstream. (3) PCBs and OCPs in the trunk water of the YRB and in the soil and maize irrigated with river water pose potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. The results indicate considerable organic pollution in the YRB, suggesting that national emission standards for POPs should be implemented soon.

In this work, ZnO–CdWO₄ nanoparticles have been synthesized by the ecofriendly green method with lemon leaf extract to favorably anchor functional groups on their surface. The prepared ZnO–CdWO₄ nanoparticles are used as adsorbent to treat Congo red (CR) dye after characterization through FT-IR, UV–Vis, TEM, SEM-EDX, and HRTEM techniques. The equilibrium partition coefficient and adsorption capacity values for CR by ZnO–CdWO₄ are estimated as 21.4 mg g⁻¹ μM⁻¹ and 5 mg g⁻¹, respectively (at an initial dye concentration of 10 mg L⁻¹). The adsorption process is found as exothermic and spontaneous, as determined by the ΔG°, ΔS°, and ΔH° values. The Boyd plot has been used as a confirmatory tool to fit the adsorption kinetics data along with intraparticle diffusion and pseudo-second-order models. Based on this research, ZnO–CdWO₄ nanoparticles are validated as an effective adsorbent for CR dye in aqueous solutions.

Plastic particles are ubiquitous in marine and freshwater environments. While many studies have focused on the toxicity of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in aquatic environments there is no clear conclusion on their environmental risk, which can be attributed to a lack of standardization of protocols for in situ sampling, laboratory experiments and analyzes. There are also far more studies concerning marine environments than fresh or brackish waters despite their role in the transfer of plastics from continents to oceansWe systematically reviewed the literature for studies: (1) using plastics representative of those found in the environment in laboratory experiments, (2) on the contamination of plastic particles in the continuum between fresh and marine waters, focusing in particular on estuaries and (3) on the continuum of contamination of plastic particles between species through trophic transfer in aquatic environments. We found that the exposure of aquatic organisms in the laboratory to plastic particles collected in the environment are very scarce. Moreover, plastic exposures of estuarine species in the laboratory are generally carried out for a single salinity and a single temperature that do not reflect the fluctuating environmental conditions of estuaries. Finally, the trophic transfer of plastic particles is mainly studied in the laboratory through simple food chains which are not representative of the complexity of the trophic networks observed in the aquatic environment. We pointed out that future studies in the laboratory should include both MPs and NPs sampled in the environment and focus on the precise characterization of the composition and surface of these plastics as well as on their absorbed pollutants, additives or biofilms. Moreover, investigations must be continued concerning the toxicity of plastic particles in brackish water environments such as estuaries and the trophic transfer of plastic particles in complex food chains.

The feasibility and effectiveness of iron turning waste as low cost and sustainable permeable reactive barrier (PRB) media for remediating dieldrin, endrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and lindane individually (batch system) and combined (continuous flow column) in water were investigated. After 10 min of reaction in a batch system, removal of endrin, dieldrin, and DDT was higher (86–91 %) than lindane (41 %) using 1 g of iron turning waste in 200 mL of pesticide solution (20 μg/L for each pesticide). Among the studied pesticides, only lindane removal decreased substantially in the presence of nitrate (37 %) and magnesium (18 %). Acidic water environment (pH = 4) favored the pesticide removal than neutral and basic environments. For the column experiments, sand alone as PRB media was ineffective for remediating the pesticides in water. When only iron turning was used, the removal efficiencies of lindane, endrin, and dieldrin were 83–88 % and remained stable during 60 min of the experiments. DDT removal was less than other pesticides (58 %). Sandwiching the iron turning waste media between two sand layers improved DDT removal (79 %) as well as limited the iron content below a permissible level in product water. In a long-term PRB column performance evaluation, iron turning waste (150 g) removed all pesticides in water (initial concentration of each pesticide = 2 μg/L) effectively (≥94 %) at a hydraulic retention time of 1.6 h. Iron turning waste, which was mainly in the form of zerovalent iron (Fe⁰), was oxidized to ferrous (Fe²⁺) and ferric (Fe³⁺) iron during its reaction with pesticides, and electrons donated by Fe⁰ and Fe²⁺ were responsible for complete dechlorination of all the pesticides. Therefore, it can be used as inexpensive and sustainable PRB media for groundwater remediation especially in developing countries where groundwater contamination with pesticides is more prevalent.

Light-absorbing organic carbon (or brown carbon, BrC) has been recognized as a critical driver in regional-to-global climate change on account of its significant contribution to light absorption. BrC sources vary from primary combustion processes (burning of biomass, biofuel, and fossil fuel) to secondary formation in the atmosphere. This paper investigated the light-absorbing properties of BrC such as site-specific mass absorption cross-section (MACBᵣC), absorption Ångström exponent (AAEBᵣC), and the absorbing component of the refractive index (kBᵣC) by using light absorption measurements from a 7-wavelength aethalometer over an urban environment of Chiang Mai, Thailand in northern peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA), from March to April 2016. The contribution of BrC to total aerosol absorption (mean ± SD) was 46 ± 9%, 29 ± 7%, 24 ± 6%, 20 ± 4%, and 15 ± 3% at 370, 470, 520, 590, and 660 nm, respectively, highlighting the significant influence of BrC absorption on the radiative imbalance over northern PSEA. Strong and significant associations between BrC light absorption and biomass-burning (BB) organic tracers highlighted the influence of primary BB emissions. The median MACBᵣC and kBᵣC values at 370 nm were 2.4 m² g⁻¹ and 0.12, respectively. The fractional contribution of solar radiation absorbed by BrC relative to BC (mean ± SD) in the 370–950 nm range was estimated to be 34 ± 7%, which can significantly influence the regional radiation budget and consequently atmospheric photochemistry. This study provides valuable information to understand BrC absorption over northern PSEA and can be used in model simulations to reassess the regional climatic impact with greater accuracy.

The morphological anomalies of the early development stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, caused by exposure to environmental stressors, are used as biomarker in ecotoxicological and ecological investigations. Here, we reviewed the available literature and classified the embryo and larval anomalies identified so far, to highlight potential commonalities or differences related to the biological action of the different stressors and their ecological impact. Morphological anomalies are influenced by a) the developmental stage of exposure to stressors; b) the intensity of the stress; c) the intra- and inter-cellular mechanisms affected by the exposure to environmental agents. The classification and analysis of embryo and larvae anomalies, either observed by the authors of this review and reported in literature, indicate that sea urchin abnormalities, caused by exposure to different stressors, can be very similar among them and classified into 18 main types, which can occur individually or mixed. All anomalies can be used to calculate an Index of Contaminant Impact to assess the impact of multiple stressors and to identify relationships between morphological anomalies and compromised biological mechanisms. This approach could be useful for a first screening of the presence of potential stressors impairing the growth and development of the early life stages of marine organisms, thus providing a relevant advancement for in future monitoring activities devoted to assess the health status in coastal marine ecosystems.

Informal electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) handling activities constitute a potentially important source of halogenated (HFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) to the environment and humans. In this review, two electronic databases (ScienceDirect and Web of Science Core Collection) were searched for papers that addressed this topic. A total of 82 relevant studies (including 72 studies selected from the two databases and 10 studies located from the references of the first 72 selected studies) were identified that reported on human external and internal exposure to HFRs and OPFRs arising as a result of informal e-waste handling activities. Compared to the general population, higher levels of external exposure (i.e., inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption) and internal exposure (i.e., blood serum, hair, breast milk, urine, and other human matrices) to HFRs and OPFRs were identified for e-waste recyclers and residents inhabiting e-waste dismantling and recycling zones, especially for younger adults and children. Food intake and dust ingestion were the dominant exposure pathways for the majority of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and dechlorane plus (DP); while inhalation was identified as the most significant pathway of human exposure to OPFRs in informal e-waste sites. The majority of research to date has focused on China and thus future studies should be conducted in other regions such as Africa and South Asia. Other suggested foci of future research are: examination of exposure via dermal contact with e-waste, dietary exposure of local populations to OPFRs, confirmation of the existence of and cause(s) of the higher body burdens of females compared with males amongst populations impacted by informal e-waste handling, and characterisation of exposure of such populations to chlorinated paraffins.

Understanding the comprehensive effect on crop production and quality, soil acidification, and Cd accumulation and distribution for wheat-rice rotation under N fertilization and continuous straw return is important for proper contaminated agricultural soil management. A 2-year paddy field experiment was conducted to study the effects of above factors change in the Zhejiang province, China. Fertilization treatments included: conventional N fertilizer application (N3), 20% reduction of N application (N2), 40% reduction of N application (N1), combined with three portions of straw incorporation: all straws retention (N3), half of the straws into the fields (S2), 20% straws retention(S1). The N1 treatments significantly decreased crop yields compared to N2 and N3 treatments. Except for C2-wheat, soil pH generally decreased with increasing N fertilizer input in the order of N1>N2>N3, regardless of how many straws was amended. Moreover, we found that straw addition plus N fertilization had a intersystem impacts on Cd accumulation, distribution and availability. Although total Cd had different trends among 4 experimental seasons, when the N reduced 20% applied, the DTPA-Cd contents were lowest among 3 out of four experimental seasons, except for that of C2-wheat, where N2 treatments ranked the second lower contents. For most seasons, Cd contents in straws were higher than soils and lowest in grains, and S2N2 treatment performed an intermediate value among all treatments. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that S2 or N2 treatments or S2N2 reduced the potential risk of plant diseases and pests with lower disease index, disease cluster rate. Notably, the relative outbreak of pests was remarkably suppressed under S2 treatments, especially S2N2. Thus, these findings demonstrated that in wheat-rice rotation reducing 20% N fertilization with 50% straw returning may be a win-win practice in this region for the equilibrium between agricultural productivity, quality and low Cd polluted risk.