The traditional way of dealing with manure - storage, transportation, spreading in the fields - is currently applied very successfully, but is economically very expensive. People complain about very unpleasant smells, which are caused by gasses (indole, merkaptanas, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia) being released from the manure. Scientists are searching for other ways of handling manure which try to convert it to less harmful substances, reduce its odour and at the same time make it thicker by extracting its water content. The aim of our work was to evaluate the composition of slurry after processing it mechanically, and to test the effectiveness of the application of new coagulants and flocculants on its clarification. Fresh liquid manure from 'Sajas' pig complex(Kelme district) and the liquid manure treated in biogas reactors from Lekėčiai pig complex (Šakiai district) was used for research (2006-2008). Anionic coagulants such as aluminium chloride (Al2Cl), ferrous chloride (Fe2Cl) and pollycrilamide cationic flocculant 'Magnofloc 1011' were applied to clarify manure. 40-44% of organic pollutants can be removed from the aerated sewage under constant processing by coagulants and flocculants. The best result in pollutant removal from sewage is achieved when it is processed with 1.5 kg mE-3 norm of aluminium saline (AlCl) and 3.0 g mE-3 norm of flocculant 'Magnofloc 1011'.

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of coagulant PAX – 18 (polyaluminum chloride) on additional phosphorus removal in reed sand filters. Batch experiments for precipitation reaction with wastewater from septic tank and after treatment in the reed sand filter were carried out. The doses of coagulant under 200 mg L-E1 and time of coagulation under 72 h were applied. Coagulant PAX – 18 efficiently removes phosphorus from the wastewater. The efficacy of removal depends on the dose of coagulant and the time of coagulation. Optimal hydraulic retention time is about 40 hours. With regard to the consumption of coagulant to remove 1 mg of P, it is most efficient to apply coagulant before wastewater treatment in the filter. During the coagulation time of 40 hours, 1 milligram of aluminium oxide precipitated 0.23 mg of P in the wastewater from the filter and 0.39 mg in the wastewater from the septic tank. In this case the removal of P was 1.65 times more effective. Coagulant decreases the wastewater pollution according to BOD5 and the concentration of suspended solids. Therefore, it is advisable to use the coagulant before wastewater treatment in the filter, as it reduces the organic load of filters and the possibility of filter clogging due to lower concentration of suspended solids.

Raw milk cheeses are known to have more intense and strong flavour and different texture due to natural microbiota and enzymes. Nevertheless, there are concerns about safety of these products. For microbial inactivation heat treatment of milk is used, but it can adversely affect the flavour, taste and texture of the product. Therefore, applying non-thermal technology such as high pressure processing is attracting alternative. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high pressure treatment of cow`s milk at a wide range of pressures (400–600 MPa) on milk rennet coagulation time, curd firmness and curd yield. Processed milk samples were subjected to enzymatic coagulation using commercial rennet to determine rennet coagulation time, yield of coagulum and curd firmness. High pressure processing insignificantly influences coagulation properties of whole milk. However, the magnitude of changes depended on applied pressure. Rennet coagulation time and curd yield were significantly different (p is less than 0.05) among the pressure treated milk samples. The higher firmness of the curd form pressurized milk than that of raw or pasteurized milk, evaluated positively. The main effects of high pressure treatment in milk appeared to involve dissociation of casein micelles from the colloidal to the soluble phase. This study suggests that high pressure treatments of milk at 500 MPa or 550 MPa for 15 min may be beneficial for improving the coagulation properties of milk. These positive effects indicated that high pressure processing may have potential for new cheese varieties development.

Milk yield, composition and milk coagulation properties can be affected by kappa-casein (κ-CN) and beta-lactoglobulin (β-LG) genotypes and breed. Latvian Brown (LB) and Latvian Blue (LZ) are local dairy breeds in Latvia. These breeds are not so high-yielding than other commercial dairy breeds, besides, the number of those animals decrease each year. The aim of the research was to analyse the influence of κ-CN, β-LG and breed on milk composition and milk coagulation properties. Data were collected from 56 Latvian Brown and 26 Latvian Blue in 2016. Widespread κ-CN genotype was AA (0.593) in LB breed and AB (0.636) in LZ breed, while β-LG highest frequency was BB genotype. Significant effect was not observed on milk yield; however the highest daily milk yield was from AB κ-CN genotype (19.7 ± 1.52 kg) in LB breed. Significant differences were observed in fat content – the highest fat content accordingly κ-CN was from AA genotype in LB (46.3 ± 1.89 g kgE-1) and 45.5 ± 1.37 g kgE-1 from BB β-LG genotype in LB breed (p is less than 0.05). A lower protein content was observed from AA κ-CN genotype in LZ breed (33.8 ± 1.30 g kgE-1), while highest from BB genotype in both breeds. Curd firmness was not significantly different by genotypes and breed. Significantly shorter milk renneting time of β-LG was obtained from LB breed (14.6 ± 2.76 min, p is less than 0.05), while κ-CN genotype was not significantly affected.

The paper presents the test results of studies on the treatment of wastewater in experimental treatment facilities in a milk collecting station. The treatment process of wastewater was a follows: aeration-flocculation device -sedimentation pond - two-stage constructed wetlands. The laboratory investigations have shown that the primary treatment with quicklime (1 kg mE-3) reduces wastewater pollution by 54%, while the treatment with coagulant 'ZETAG 8660' (4 g mE-3) reduces it by even 68%. Such results were not obtained in the primary wastewater treatment stage under industrial conditions: biological oxygen demand (BOD5) in wastewater was reduced 27.2%, the amount of suspended sediment was reduced by 48.1%, the amounts of Ntotal and Ptotal decreased by 15.8% and 27% respectively. Such results much depended on the air temperature, inaccurate dosage of chemicals as well as on insufficient capacity of reaction and sedimentation reservoirs for 2.5 times higher amount of wastewater. However, despite such unfavourable conditions, this stage of treatment process was rather efficient: the pollution of wastewater with organic matter flowing into the stream did not exceed the maximum allowable rates. The average value according to BOD5 was 4 mg O2 lE-1, the highest BOD5 value was 9.6 mg O2 lE-1. From the environment protection point of view, it is particularly important that the removal of biogenic pollutants is quite sufficient in the wastewater treatment facilities. After the treatment process in wastewater treatment facilities, the amount of Ntotal decreased by 82.4% and the amount of Ptotal was reduced by even 97.3%.