Abstract Studies comparing slurry injection versus spreading have reported inconsistent results so far. The objective of the study was to compare two slurry application methods, injecting and spreading, in terms of influence on sward yields and leaching of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) from grassland. The experiment was conducted from 2008 to 2011 at the Eerika Experimental Station, Estonian University of Life Sciences. Mini-lysimeters filled with loamy sand soil embedded in three swards (three-species grass mixture (Phleum pratense, Lolium perenne and Poa pratensis), grasses mixture with white clover (Trifolium repens), and grasses mixture with lucerne (Medicago sativa)) were used. Three annual nitrogen rates (60, 120, 180 kg haE-1) in conjunction with the two slurry application methods (injecting and spreading) were applied. Percolated water quantities, N and K content in leachate and the sward yield were measured. N leaching was significantly less with slurry injection while K leaching did not depend on slurry application method. N and K leaching was more affected by sward botanical composition and applied N rate and N:K ratio n slurry than by slurry application method. Sward yields did not depend significantly on slurry application method. Slurry injection is rational only in grasses sward when used N rates are above 120 kg haE-1 yrE-1. Slurry injection may have negative influence on the distribution of white clover in the grasses + white clover sward and thus lead to sward yield decrease.

After regaining independence the agricultural production in Estonia has undergone a drastic decline. Due to the inadequate application of fertilizers and pesticides, the yield of field crops and grasslands has decreased 1-7 % per year. The balance of nitrogen in the arable soils is negative, particularly respecting fodder crops. At present, in Estonia most of grasslands are practically not fertilized, or they are fertilized in the last order. The amount of nitrogen removed with the yield of fodder crops, cereals and potato are by 45, 20 and 17 kg ha*[-1) higher, respectively, compared with the amounts of N applied to the soil with organic and mineral fertilizers, available for those crops. The effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers depends largely on weather conditions during the vegetation period and is the lower, the higher is soil humus content. On gleyic and gley soils, whose humus content is higher, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers is 2-3 times lower and the agroecological and economic fertilization risks are higher. On sown grasslands, the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers depends not so much on soil fertility as on soil water supply, humus content and grass sward type. With proper application of fertilizers, use of suitable plant species and varieties, it is possible to increase significantly not only the yield per unit area but also its nutritive value.

The general purpose was to study productivity of organic grasslands and compare it with productivity at a conventional farm under the same or similar climatic and pedologic conditions. The investigation was based on field experiments that were carried out in 5 different regions of Estonia in 2000. In the current research, the DM-yield of sward (on 4 research plots of 5 square m), the botanical composition, soil pHKCL and humus content (by Tjurin) were measured. Also the content of soluble plant nutrients P and K were measured by DL-(Egner-Riehm) method and Ca and Mg- by AL- (ammonium acetate extraction) method.

The paper gives a brief overview and describes the main results of comparison research in grassland management of conventional and organic farms. The aim of this study was to assess yielding ability and biodiversity of leys depending on the nutritive status of soil. The investigation based on field experiments that were carried out in several regions of Estonia: Laeaene (West), Harju (North) and Voru (South-East) county in 2001. In the research on the productivity of grass-clover leys of the first harvest year was measured the DM yield and content, the botanical composition of the sward and the concentration of crude protein on grass. The soil pHKCL and content of organic matter were measured, also the content in soil of soluble plant nutrients P, K, Ca and Mg was estimated by AL- (ammonium acetate extraction) method. The soil profiles were described and soils were classified. The dominant soil types in farms of West-Estonia were Calcic Cambisols and in North-Estonian farms Calcic Gleysols, in South-East Haplic Podzols types prevailed.

Semi-natural grasslands (SNG) are essential in the context of farmland biodiversity. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), on the other hand, is an important tool for the continuation of the management of semi-natural grasslands. Explicit knowledge on the pattern of grassland area changes is important to foster a more effective use of CAP for grassland biodiversity conservation. Our aim was to determine the habitat-specific changes in the distribution of Latvian SNG across different management regimes. Based on state-owned geospatial data of SNG distribution in 2014 and 2022, we assessed changes in semi-natural grassland areas over nearly ten years by analysing grassland management and spatial distribution including areas inside and outside the Natura 2000 network. The spatial distribution of SNG remained similar in both periods. Eastern Latvia retained the highest share of SNG while the central part showed the most pronounced increase in new localities of SNG due to extensive habitat mapping carried out in recent years. Abandonment appeared as a more important threat to SNG in the Natura 2000 network and more profoundly to unproductive habitat types while transformation into arable land and grassland intensification was a considerable threat to SNG outside the network and to more productive habitat types. We suggest that agri-environment schemes should address the different needs of SNG in the Natura 2000 network and outside it.