The mainstay of economic activity in Cat Que Commune, Hoai Duc District of Ha Tay Province in Vietnam is got raising, which is the production of piglets between 8 to 30 kg, filling a gap between the sow/piglet and meat pig productions. A cluster of associated enterprises have developed around this got-based enterprise which include the got raisers, piglet suppliers, feed and medicine suppliers, veterinarian services, got collectors, and manure collectors. The relationships with these associated enterprises form the basis of the complex enterprise strategies of the got raisers, which strive to balance a complex set of issues of feed, growth, season, disease control, labour, credit, and marketing in order to ensure the profitability and sustainability of the enterprise. The got are fed a rice-based diet, with occasional protein concentrate to speed up growth for seasons when got prices are high; while inferior feed is given when there is a glut in the market. Disease control is as much related to management as it is to marketing strategy and labour requirements. To sell the whole lot of got yields lower profit and leads to uneven labour requirements, but it provides the opportunity for thorough cleaning of the pig pens and a break in disease; both contribute to better health condition. Selling got on credit fosters relationships with the collectors, but also creates a cash flow problem which in turn is passed on to the feed suppliers who then must sell feed to got raisers on credit. The in-depth analysis of this complex set of interrelated issues provides the basis for elaborating an enterprise plan to improve the system. One research activity that has been completed is a trial on maize substitution for rice and the results showed significant improvement in growth rate (372 vs. 332 g/day of daily weight gain), reduced feed cost (6,013 vs. 7,654 vnd/kg weight gain - USD 1 = 15,400 vnd -), and higher profit (78,611 vs. 51,032 vnd per got). The disease survey also identified the management areas that affect the frequencies of illnesses, including pig pen design and flooring, living space, cleanliness (e.g., bathing frequency and thorough disinfection of pig pens), and drinking water source.

Livestock production plays a key role in tropical Latin America in a changing economic environment. This study focuses on documenting the transformations of extensive production systems by using superior forage germplasm supplied by regional research systems. The adoption of improved Brachiaria grasses was evaluated from 1990 to 2003 to estimate its impact in terms of animal productivity and income in Central America and Mexico. Information on seed sales in the local market made it possible to estimate the areas planted and the value of additional milk and beef production attributable to adoption. Mexico presents the highest volume of marketed seed and of area established with improved pastures. Among Central America countries, Costa Rica was outstanding in terms of the high volume of seed sold and the area planted, followed by Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. The annual growth rate of seed sales was very high during the study period, reaching 32% in Mexico, 62% in Honduras, 45% in Nicaragua, 39% in Costa Rica, and 54% in Panama. The area planted with Brachiaria species during this period totaled 6.5% of the total surface of permanent grasses in Mexico, 12.5% in Honduras, 1.0% in Nicaragua, 18.7% in Costa Rica, and 0.1% in Panama. Excluding Nicaragua and Panama, where adoption is low, Brachiaria grasses account for 24%-55% of total annual milk production and for 5%-18% that of beef. These figures clearly demonstrate that those adopting new Brachiaria cultivars are farmers mainly oriented toward milk production and, to a lesser extent, beef. In monetary terms, the value of additional production attributable to the adoption of Brachiaria grasses in the selected study countries was estimated at US$1084 million per year, 78% corresponding to milk and 22% to beef. Due to the magnitude of the livestock sector in Mexico, adoption generates slightly more than 80% of production profits. Study results indicate that the investment of public funds in Central America and Mexico to support the International Network for Evaluation Tropical Pastures (RIEPT, its acronym in Spanish) paid off in terms of adoption of improved grasses and significant increases in the supply of milk and beef, fundamental items in the diet of consumers from all income levels in the region.

Unlike Southeast Asia and the Amazon regions, where large-scale agricultural operations play an important role, most of the deforestation in the Congo basin is attributed to smallholder agriculturalists using extensive slash-and-burn techniques. Improved rural livelihoods are the key to poverty reduction and sustainability of landscape mosaics at the forest-agriculture interface of the Congo basin region. The issue has become more complex with globalisation and the situation therefore calls for an innovative approach that would look at trade offs between sustainability and productivity growth. On this basis, a collaborative partnership uniting research institutes, non-governmental organisations and universities members of the Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn national Consortium in Cameroon work with local communities to identify and develop policy, institutional and technological land-use options that can improve rural livelihoods while preserving the country's remaining forests. During the first three Phases of the programme (1994 to 2003), the global objective has been to: characterise and evaluate existing land use systems; modify or develop alternative technologies to the practice of slash-and-burn cropping system; identify, assess and design policy tools and mechanisms through which they could be implemented with the aim of protecting the environment by reducing the rate of deforestation. So far, the Project main outputs include: baseline environmental, agronomic, economic, and social datasets compiled and assessed in 6 landscape mosaics of the Forest Margin Benchmark; different resource management options for increased productivity of annual crop-based systems, perennial crop-based systems, and community-managed natural resource systems tested with farmers in the benchmark area; integrative landscape-level models and participatory community action methodologies developed; local capacity built in the use and interpretation of the models and methodologies and their outputs/outcomes; and mechanisms for policy formulation and dialogue improved at the local, provincial and national levels, targeting landscape mosaic and natural resources management.From the ASB experience, it is concluded that there is no single ‘best bet' solution to rural poverty alleviation at the forest-agriculture interface of Congo basin region. Only by integrating technology development, policies and institutional innovation can the question “are sustainable landscape mosaics feasible at the forest-agriculture interface in the Congo Basin region?” be addressed objectively.

"The original research contained in this volume identifies the options for the provision of modern and improved energy services, based on renewables, to low-income rural areas, with special emphasis on the productive uses of energy. In the five countries represented - Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Zambia and Zimbabwe - the book focuses on three themes: whether a decentralized approach to energy delivery is better than more centralized provision, on the role of income-generating activities in attracting modern energy services in rural areas, and on the barriers as well as opportunities that exist in the promotion of renewable energy technologies in the rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa."--Jacket.