Before serving the meals, the managements that operate in the production and distribution of table d’hôte meals, the data related to whether it's appropriate for the food hygiene regulation and the other legal requirements are so insufficient. So, an interview study was performed for the present conditions of the manufactures producing and serving meals and the good hygiene practices profile of their working personal in the plants with regard to Law No.5966 on Veterinary Services, Plant health, Food and Feed in the Samsun city. The survey was applied in catering enterprises and face to face interviews with a total of 258 people (employees and managers responsible for the kitchen area) and at the same time observing the operating conditions of 32 companies in 9 different counties. The questions of survey included gender, age, education level, professional experience of workers, real production capacities, the power of engine, number of employees in production, and findings related to good hygiene practice. It was observed that the design and layout of the production area in terms of good hygiene practices were not sufficient in some manufactures and only four manufactures had positive air pressure ventilation. It was stated that tools and equipment were required to take more precautions against the risk of corrosion. It was established that cleaning and disinfection process, personal hygiene rules and dissolving operations for frozen food were inadequate. It was determined that record forms were not sufficient to provide the traceability. Hazard and risk factors will be controlled by establishment of practical food safety management system in catering sector.

This paper focuses mainly on both impacts of the climate change on agriculture and food security, and multidisciplinary scientific assessment and recommendations for sustainable agro ecological solutions including traditional knowledge responding to these impacts. The climate change will very likely affect four key dimensions of the food security including availability, accessibility, utilization and sustainability of the food, due to close linkage between food and water security and climate change. In one of the most comprehensive model studies simulating impacts of global climate change on agriculture to date, it was estimated that by 2080, in a business-as-usual scenario, climate change will reduce the potential output of global agriculture by more than 3.2 per cent. Furthermore, developing countries will suffer the most with a potential 9.1 per cent decline in agricultural output, for example with a considerable decrease of 16.6 per cent in Africa. Some comprehensive studies pointed out also that all regions may experience significant decreases in crop yields as well as significant increases, depending on emission scenarios and the assumptions on effectiveness of carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization. One of the tools that would ensure the food security by making use of local sources and traditional knowledge is agroecology. Agroecology would contribute to mitigation of the anthropogenic climate change and cooling down the Earth’s increasing surface and lower atmospheric air temperatures, because it is mainly labour-intensive and requires little uses of fossil fuels, energy and artificial fertilisers. It is also necessary to understand the ecological mechanisms underlying sustainability of traditional farming systems, and to translate them into ecological principles that make locally available and appropriate approaches and techniques applicable to a large number of farmers.

Known as active oxygen Ozone (O3), are among the most effective antimicrobials. The sun's ultraviolet rays and ozone caused by electric arcs of lightning occurring instantly around the world, and is available as a protective shield protects the animals against the effects of the sun's radiation. In the food industry, directly or indirectly in contact with food during processing of foods and chemical treatment of water disinfection bacteriological emerges as an alternative protection method. In this study, the effects of the ozone applications will evaluated as an alternative to conventional disinfectants in food industry.

Since coliform bacteria are common both in the intestine and in nature (soil, plant, etc.), they are considered as a sanitation indicator in the food industry. It is known that the majority of bacteria defined as fecal coliform in the coliform group are Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli or fecal coliform bacteria in any sample is an indication that the necessary hygienic measures are not taken during production, storage, and sale. That means the sample is directly or indirectly contaminated with faeces, and/or other intestinal pathogens may also exist. In this study, raw milk, freshly squeezed fruit juices, unpackaged ice cream, shaved ice, and ice-cold samples were purchased from the famous touristic destination Fethiye and analyzed for coliform bacteria. For this purpose, the samples were purchased from local marketplaces, buffets, cafes, patisseries, restaurants, and roadsides at Fethiye. In total 60 samples were analyzed using Violet Red Bile (VRB) Agar. The results of coliform bacteria ranged

Gıda güvenliği her tüketiciyi ilgilendiren önemli bir konudur. Gıda güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından gıda ürünlerinin üretim aşamasında alınacak önlemlerin yanı sıra tüketicilerin bilinç seviyesi de ayrıca önem taşımaktadır. Bugüne kadar yapılan çeşitli araştırmalarda, gıda zehirlenmelerinin veya gıdaya bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan çeşitli hastalıkların önemli bir kısmının evde yapılan yanlış gıda uygulamalarından kaynaklandığı belirlenmiştir. Bu araştırmada, gıda mühendisi adaylarının, gıda güvenliği konusunda bilgi seviyelerinin, tutum, yaklaşım ve risk algılarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, görüşülen öğrencilerin %74,79’inin alışveriş sırasında ‘’her zaman’’ gıda ürünlerinin son kullanım tarihlerine baktıkları, et ürünleri satış yeri olarak en çok süper marketlere güvendikleri, genetiği değiştirilmiş ürünleri en riskli ürün grubu olarak değerlendirdikleri belirlenmiştir.

The aim of this study was to determine students' consumption behavior based on their awareness of food safety. Data were collected using survey method. Study sample consisted of 400 students of Ünye Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ordu University, Turkey. Chi-square test was used to determine whether participants’ levels of awareness of food safety differed by socio-economic characteristics. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences in mean scores among awareness groups (low, medium and high) in terms of reading the nutrition information on food labels, food purchasing venues to be reliable and factors affecting food purchase decisions. Results showed that expiry date was the most important factor in food purchase decisions, followed by dates of production and packaging. Participants’ levels of awareness of food safety significantly differed by the proportion of monthly income allocated to food and their preference for cheap foods containing GMO. Supermarkets were ranked the most reliable venues for safe food purchasing, followed by groceries and greengrocers. Results also showed that food purchase decisions of the low and medium awareness groups were mostly affected by their families while those of the high awareness group were mostly affected by their doctors. Results indicate that firstly parents' awareness should be raised about food safety and safe food consumption so that future generations can be more conscious of these issues. In addition, courses on these matters should be included in curricula, and seminars or workshops should be held to raise students' awareness of food safety.

The purpose of agricultural policies is to meet the food demand that the society needs. While supports and incentives for agricultural production increase production, they can have negative consequences on climate change. In parallel with the increase in agricultural production and climate change in the world, there has been a serious increase in both food waste and obese numbers recently. While the overproduction effort of agricultural products creates pressure on the environment, it causes obesity and overweight problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Turkey is at the forefront among the countries where there are obese and overweight people. In the 11th Development Plan in Turkey, in 2018 the prevalence of obesity is 30% (for ages 15 and over) in 2023 is targeted to be reduced to 29.1. The aim of this research is to draw attention to the relationship between climate change and obesity and to address the issue within the framework of the 11th Development Plan. Obesity issues for Turkey; since it is important in terms of food security, climate change and agricultural policies, it is necessary to develop political guidance and protection measures in terms of health, economy, education, environment and national security.

Bilinçsiz ve yoğun kullanılan pestisitlerin insan ve çevre sağlığı açısından önemli problemlere yol açtığı pek çok çalışma ile ortaya konulmuştur. Bu anlamda üreticilerin pestisit kullanımındaki bilinç düzeylerinin araştırılması önem arz etmektedir. Araştırmanın ana materyalini; Tokat ili merkez ilçede belirlenmiş olan 10 adet köyde meyve-sebze üretimi ile uğraşan üreticiler ile yapılan anket verileri oluşturmaktadır. Köylerin üretim miktarı göz önüne alınarak toplam 110 anket yapılmıştır. Veriler 2017 yılı Ekim-Aralık ayına aittir. Anketlerden elde edilen bilgilere göre, Tokat’ta meyve-sebze- üreticilerinin %97’sinin pestisit kullandığı ancak yaklaşık %50’sinin kullandıkları ilaç içeriği hakkında bilgisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Üreticilerin pestisit seçiminde kendi tecrübeleri (%50) ve ilaç bayilerinin tavsiyelerini (%80) dikkate aldıkları gözlenmiştir. Üreticilerin yaklaşık %55’i pestisit kullanım maliyetlerinin 2 bin TL ile 5 bin TL arasında değiştiğini belirtmişlerdir. Üreticiler ilaçlama yaparken korunma önlemlerini tam olarak almadıklarını daha çok eldiven ve maske kullandıklarını belirtirken pestisitlerin insan ve çevre sağlığına verdiği zararlar boyutunda bilinçsiz olduklarını kabul etmektedirler. Ancak üreticiler, pestisit kullanımının ürünlerde bıraktığı kalıntı oranlarının gıda güvenliği açısından oluşturduğu tehlike hakkında hiçbir fikre sahip değildirler. Bunun yanında köylerinde ya da ortak bir bölgede yapılacak eğitimlere kayıtsız kalmayacaklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda üreticilerin bilinçlendirilmesi konusunda uzman eğitimlerin yapılması ve bu eğitimlerin sürekliliğinin sağlanması, kalıntı analizlerinin yapılarak verilen eğitimlerin geri beslemesinin izlenmesi gerekmektedir.

In this study, thermal inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis inoculated to the cake dough and a whole raw chicken was investigated. The cake dough was inoculated with 6.15 log-cfu/g S. Enteritidis then, thermal treatment was applied at 160°C top-bottom fan cooking mode. The initial count of S. Enteritidis showed reductions 1.49 log-cfu/g, 2.06 log-cfu/g and 4.29 log-cfu/g in the samples from the cold point location from the geometric center of the cake at 5, 7 and 10 minutes of thermal treatment, respectively. Although S. Enteritidis is not detected at the end of 15 minutes of heat treatment, the center of the cake temperature has reached 85.69°C and the cake sample is uncooked and its sensory properties are not acceptable. The cake that is safe and favorable with the sensory properties to the consumers was obtained by heat treatment for 30 minutes. After the cold point of a whole raw chicken was inoculated with 7.29 log-cfu/g S. Enteritidis, thermal treatment was applied at 220°C top-bottom fan cooking mode. The temperature at the cold point of 35 and 45 minutes heat-treated chickens reached 59.33 and 74.08°C, respectively, and 1.93 log-cfu/g and 5.33 log-cfu /g S. Enteritidis reduction caused in the samples respectively. S. Enteritidis cells were not detected in the whole chicken heat treated at 220°C for 60 minutes. The cakes, heat treated at 160°C top-bottom fan cooking mode for 30 minutes, were stored at two different storage temperatures as 4°C and 25°C for 72 hours. The whole chicken, heat treated at 220°C top-bottom fan cooking mode for 60 minutes, was stored at 4°C for 72 hours. S. Enteritidis cells were not detected in the cake and the whole chicken samples after the storage period.

This study was conducted in 2013 to determine the biochemical properties of 10 different monofloral honey types produced across Turkey. For the study, honey samples were obtained from beekeepers and the identity and relative percentage of dominant pollen types in samples was determined through microscopic analysis. Pollen analysis revealed that honey types chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) contained high proportions of each respective pollen type. These proportions reached as high as 86%, while other honey types such as Anason had low Anasom pollen content, occurring at 45% in whole honey samples. Biochemical analysis revealed that the average honey sample quality characteristics were as followings: ash 0.37±0.04, electricity conductivity 0.79±0.07 mS/cm, moisture 19.15±0.09%, pH 3.97±0.02, acidity 29.07±0.39 meq/kg, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), 6.17±0.76 mg/kg, diastase 22.05±0.00, invert sugar 69.72±0.49% and sucrose 2.90±0.30%. These analyses confirmed that honey samples met standards outlined by the Turkish Food Codex Honey Standard, European Union Honey Standard and Codex Standards respectively.