This paper provides a detailed overview of the current situation of the coffee sector in the Rwandan economy and identifies the possible challenges that the sector is currently facing. The study has identified the economic and the livelihood indicators for farmers who are engaged in coffee production and also gives the Rwandan coffee sector’ situation and its position in the global coffee market. Also, the research has found out that in Rwanda, nearly 500,000 farmers produce coffee along with other crops, notably beans, savory banana and corn and found out that in 2012, coffee accounted for almost 30 percent of Rwanda’s total export revenue. On the other hand, the study revealed that the sector throughout all the coffee production process, has undergone different challenges especially climate change as it is reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal resources. A low yield was reported in 2007 and climate variability was quoted among the causes. Insufficient rainfall in the last three months of 2006 (the period of coffee flowering) proceeding the short dry season in the first two months of 2007 was recorded. The reduced rainfall was also poorly distributed across coffee growing regions in Rwanda. In addition, the research revealed that even though the area under coffee production is increasing, the coffee production is decreasing due to unexpected climate change and variability in current years and also the improper use of chemical fertilizers by coffee farmers is very critical. The study concluded that adding value to the coffee supply chain of Rwanda is adding direct economic benefits and important indirect social benefits to the lives of individuals and to the health of communities in Rwanda. Moreover, more effort should continue to raise the profile of the Rwandan coffee sector suggesting that proper use of chemical fertilizers, solid marketing channels and climate change adaptations measures would be the fair ways of making the sector more profitable and considering national targets to increase coffee export revenues, a few simple measures to improve the performance of the sector could have substantial effects on the country’s economic growth.

Global olarak beslenme gibi yaşam tarzındaki hızlı değişim ile birlikte insülin direnci ve diyabet prevalansı hızla artış göstermiş ve günümüzde Tip II diabetes mellitus (Tip II DM) epidemik bir sorun haline gelmiştir. Yaşam tarzı müdahalelerinden en önemlisi olan diyetin düzenlenmesi ise tip II DM’nin ortaya çıkmasının engellenmesinde, geciktirilmesinde, komplikasyonların oluşmasında ve önlenmesinde önemli bir role sahiptir. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda Tip II DM gelişimine neden olan patolojik faktörler arasında yer alan insülin aktivitesi ve insülin sekresyonunun diyabet nedenini belirlemek açısından tek başına yetersiz kaldığı ele alınmaktadır. Buna ek olarak diyabet etiyolojisinde multi-faktöriyel nedenlerin, insülinin yanı sıra farklı reseptörlerin yer aldığı ve bu durumu genetik çalışmaların desteklediği bilinmektedir. Bu reseptörlerden biri olan CD36 reseptörü ise, kardiyovasküler sağlık ve hastalıklar, kanser, diyabet, insülin direnci, tat alma duyusu ve besin seçiminde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda yüksek kan CD36 düzeylerinin tip II DM patogenezinde yeni bir belirteç olarak katkı sağlayabileceği yer almaktadır. Ayrıca güncel veriler CD36 reseptörünün yağlı besin seçimi açısından farklı tat ve kokularda görev alabildiğini göstermektedir. Bu derlemede CD36 reseptörü ile insülin direnci ve diyette yağlı besin seçimi arasında ilişki incelenmiştir.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the protein degradability of extruded full fat soybean (ESB) by in situ (nylon bag) and in vitro enzymatic method and to develop an equation in order predict in situ degradability from in vitro values. In the study enzymatic technique; hydrolysis after 1 h (INV1) and after 24 h (INV24) by a purified protease extracted from Streptomyces griseus in a borate-phosphate buffer at pH 8 was used as in vitro method. Relationship between in situ effective protein degradability (INSE) and in vitro degradability after 1 and 24 hours incubations (INV1 and INV24) were determined. In situ protein degradability was measured at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 and at 72 h incubations in the rumen of 3 Holstein cows. In the study INSE, INV1 and INV24 were determined as 58.05, 20.24 and 41.46% respectively. Despite there were differences between in situ and in vitro protein degradability values, correlation coefficients between in situ and in vitro protein degradability of ESB were high and regression equations for estimation of in situ from in vitro were found significant. As conclusion in vitro enzymatic protein degradability (INV1 and INV24) can be used for estimation of in situ effective protein degradability of extruded full fat soybean.

Gelatin origin determination has been a crucial issue with respect to religion and health concerns. It is necessary to analyze the origin of gelatin with reliable methods to ensure not only consumer choices but also safety and legal requirements such as labeling. There are many analytical methods developed for detection and/or quantification of gelatin from different sources including bovine, porcine and piscine. These analytical methods can be divided into physicochemical, chromatographic, immunochemical, spectroscopic and molecular methods. Moreover, computational methods have been used in some cases consecutively to ensure sensitivity of the analytical methods. Every method has different advantages and limitations due to their own principles, applied food matrix and process conditions of material. The present review intends to give insight into novel analytical methods and perspectives that have been developed to differentiate porcine, bovine and piscine gelatins and to establish their authenticity. Almost every method can be succeeded in origin determination; however, it is a matter of sensitivity in that some researches fail to ensure sufficient differentiation.

Nowadays, organic products are produced without the use of chemical additives in natural conditions is constantly increasing every day. However, the new organic food market and organic production evaluation and development of areas with high potential for the formation of the subject is of great importance. In this context, bayburt, accommodates very suitable ecological conditions for organic production. A significant portion of the surface area agricultural land with meadows and pastures. In addition, minimal amount of chemical and industrial facilities is one of the provinces where the use of the drug is low. Areas with high potential in the development and evaluation of the institutions has an important role. However, the institutions, which is determined by the strategic objectives, resources and competencies varies according to. In this review, Bayburt province implemented in joint projects, training activities, and the development of organic production of agricultural subsidies, it is observed that Speed has a restorative effect. So it has not made production, but with high potential of supporting the development of organic agriculture and animal husbandry products will make a major contribution to the development of the current expected.

Bu çalışma, Kırşehir İlinde yetiştirilen Akkaraman ırkı koyunlarda gebeliğin son döneminde yapılan ek yemlemenin kuzularda doğum ve çeşitli dönemlerdeki ağırlıklar üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırma materyalini, 580 baş Akkaraman koyunu ve bunların 2015 doğum sezonunda doğurmuş oldukları 554 baş Akkaraman kuzusu oluşturmuştur. Akkaraman koyunları iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Her iki gruba da buğday samanı gebelik süresince verilmiştir. Ek yemleme grubuna (EYG), gebeliğin son döneminde buğday samanına ek kesif yem (400 gr/hayvan) verilmiştir. Kontrol grubuna (KG) ise gebelik süresince sadece buğday samanı verilmiştir. Araştırmada kuzuların çeşitli dönem canlı ağırlıkları, yaşama güçleri ve Akkaraman koyunlarının bazı döl verim özellikleri incelenmiştir. Akkaraman koyunlarında döl verim özelliklerinden kısırlık oranı, doğum oranı, ikizlik oranı, yavru atma oranı, koç altı koyun başına kuzu sayısı ve doğuran koyun başına kuzu sayısı değerleri EYG ve KG gruplarında sırasıyla %12 ve %9, %86 ve %91, %13 ve %5, %2 ve %0, 0,96 ve 0,95, 1,12 ve 1,04 olarak bulunmuştur. Kuzularda yaşama gücü 90. gün ve 120. günde EYG ve KG gruplarında sırasıyla %84, %80 ve %91, %91 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Akkaraman kuzularının doğum, 90. ve 120. günlük yaştaki canlı ağırlık ortalamaları EYG ve KG gruplarında sırasıyla 5,82±0,06 kg, 30,94±0,44 kg, 35,91±0,09 kg ve 3,43±0,05 kg, 30,17±0,39 kg, 30,84±0,39 kg olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ek yemlemenin, cinsiyet ve doğum tipine göre, doğum ağırlığı ve 120. gün yaş ağırlığı üzerine etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. 90. gün ağırlığı bakımından ise sadece doğum tipinin etkisi çok önemli bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, gebeliğin son döneminde yapılan ek yemlemenin kuzuların doğum ve 120. gün ağırlıklarını artırdığı tespit edilmiştir.

This study aimed to identfy chemical composition, ruminal degradation characeristics and metabolizable energy (ME) content of five different chickpea line and a check cultivar’s straw using nylon bag technique. Feed samples were incubated as three replicates of each fistulated Holstein heifer for 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. Degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in rumen were determined by using this mathematical expression D=a+b(1-e-ct). Crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ash contents of straw were ranged from 5.61 to 7.42%, 51.33 to 56.0%, 63.67 to 67.0%, and 8.0 to 9.0% respectively. Besides Rapidly soluble fraction (a), potantial degradability (a+b) and effective dry matter degradability (EDDM ) were ranged from 17.86 to 21.41, 54.40 to 59.43, 49.65 to 54.91% respectively. Estimated ME of chickpea entries straw were ranged from 5.96 to 7.37 MJ/kg. Metabolizable energy content of control chickpea cultivar was significantly higher than the other chickpea straw of lines. The research values of ME revealed that significant differences were determined among the lines in terms of energy content. In addition to, a strong relationship between straw NDF level and ME content were determined.

This study was conducted to determine applicability of the Inward Processing Regime (IPR) in enterprises which are vegetable oil producers and exporters. The data was obtained from 26 vegetable oil producer and exporter enterprises by using survey method. Frequency tables, indices, and percentage calculating were used to analyse Data. Also, SWOT analysis was used to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the sector, and relationship among some variables were examined with correlation coefficient. According to research findings, 25 of the enterprises (96%) utilised the IPR. Since the enterprises started to use that system; availability of cheap raw material, rate of capacity utilisation, market share, and export value all have increased. In addition, raw material was found as an important expense item, and the most important problems were qualified as raw material inadequacy and high input prices.

The objective of this study was to investigate the drying characteristics and kinetics of red pepper and bitter leaf under the influence of different drying temperatures. The drying experiments were carried out at dry bulb temperature of 35, 45, 55 and 75oC, respectively in an oven dryer. The results showed that as drying temperature increased, drying rate also increased and the drying time decreased. It was observed that un-sliced red pepper and sliced bitter leaf would dry within 2.5-12 h and 1.67-7 h, respectively at temperature ranging from 75 to 35oC. The drying of red pepper and bitter leaf was both in the constant and falling rate period. Four semi-empirical mathematical drying models (Newton, Page, Henderson and Pabis, and Logarithmic models) were fitted to the experimental drying curves. The models were compared using the coefficient of determination (R^2) and the root mean square error (RMSE). The Page model has shown a better fit to the experimental drying data of red pepper and bitter leaf, respectively as relatively compared to other tested models. Moisture transport during drying was described by the application of Fick’s diffusion model and the effective moisture diffusivity was estimated. The value ranges from 15.69 to 84.79 × 10-9 m2/s and 0.294 to 1.263 × 10-9 m2/s for red pepper and bitter leaf, respectively. The Arrhenius-type relationship describes the temperature dependence of effective moisture diffusivity and was determined to be 37.11 kJ/mol and 32.86 kJ/mol for red pepper and bitter leaf, respectively. A correlation between the drying time and the heat transfer area was also developed.

Bu çalışmada 2012 Mayıs-2013 Nisan av sezonunda Sinop’ta perakende balık satışı yapan merkezlerden alınan bilgiler kapsamında satışa sunulan balık türleri ile fiyatlarının aylık dağılımının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İşletmeler satış yerlerinde satılan balık türleri ve satış hacimlerine göre; I (en çok), II (orta) ve III (en az) olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Her grubu temsil edecek ikişer perakende balık satış yeri olmak üzere toplamda altı ayrı satış yeri, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi ile tespit edilmiştir. Satış yerlerinden araştırma süresince her ay ve ayda iki kez günün aynı saatinde balık türleri ile fiyatları alınmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada satış merkezlerinde hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus), istavrit mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), lüfer (Pomatomus saltatrix), palamut (Sarda sarda), tirsi (Alosa fallax nilotica), zargana (Belone belone), kefal (Mugil cephalus), eşkina (Sciana umbra), kırlangıç (Trigla lucerna), kalkan (Psetta maxima), barbunya (Mullus barbatus), mezgit (Merlangus merlangus), iskorpit (Scorpaena porcus), minekop (Umbrina cirrosa), karagöz (Diplodus vulgaris), isparoz (Diplodus annularis), izmarit (Maena smaris), kaya balığı (Gobius niger) türlerinin satışının yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Ekonomik değeri yüksek olan türlerden hamsi, lüfer, palamut ve kalkan balıklarının fiyatı örnekleme istasyonları arasında farklılık gösterirken, istavrit, barbunya ve mezgit balığının fiyatı farklılık göstermemiştir. Yıllara dayalı fiyatlara bakıldığında 2012-2013 yılı Sinop ili istavrit, lüfer, palamut, barbunya, mezgit balığı fiyatlarının 2008-2012 yılı ortalama fiyatlarına yakın, hamsi ve kalkan balığı fiyatlarının ise yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.