Molecular approaches used to identify bacterial species use 16S rRNA and MLST to determine the genetic linkage of bacteria; MLST characterizes clonal linkages by examining differences in various gene loci. MLVA determines the genetic relationships of bacterial strains and biovar-level differences and assesses the copy number of repeated DNA sequences. Sequencing provides genetic data by identifying DNA sequences; Sanger sequencing is the basis for next-generation approaches. CRISPR modifies the genetic code and can correct mutations or control genes using Cas9. These methods are important for identifying bacterial species and annotating genomic information. The methods used for this purpose are brought together in this study. The explanation and detailed description of the methods examined will contribute to their use in the field of microbiology.

In the arid conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine, the species composition of weeds characteristic of this soil-climatic zone develops. The correctly chosen method of basic soil tillage determines the effectiveness of weed suppression while simultaneously improving the growing conditions for sunflower varieties and hybrids. The purpose of the study was to identify the species composition of weeds in the steppe zone and establish the effectiveness the methods of basic tillage of soil in the technology of growing sunflower hybrids aimed at suppressing weeds and reducing the quantity of weeds in agrocenoses. Research has established that weeds of sunflower agrophytocenoses are represented by 78 species that belong to 2 classes, 18 orders, 27 families, 62 genera. In the agrophytocenosis of sunflower, the largest number of 93.5-96.3% is represented by dicotyledonous weeds (Magnoliopsida). The species composition is dominated by weeds of the Compositae family (Asteraceae) of the dicotyledonous class (Magnoliopsida), which leads to a significant decrease in the yield level. According to the species composition, 3 groups of weeds of the Asteraceae family (Asteraceae) were identified, of which 1 group of weeds is the most harmful and leads to the formation of a minimum yield of sunflower hybrids Yason and Daryi of 1.77-1.79 t/ha. The use of non-moldboard tillage leads to a percentage increase in the share of air dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family by 11.1-13.1%, while reducing the yield of sunflower hybrids by 0.13-0.21 t/ha. Thus, with the established species composition of weeds and the quantity of weeds, the use of plowing in sunflower cultivation technology makes it possible to form a maximum yield of 2.07-2.24 t/ha, providing more effective weed suppression in sunflower agrophytocenoses with a minimum percentage of air-dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family to the total number of weeds of 21.1-24.1%.

The current study examined the dietary solid-state fermented yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae meal inclusion on growth performance, gut microbiota, body composition, liver and intestinal histology and histomorphometric parameters in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) for 84 days. Guppies were fed diets included with no supplementation (C); 4 g/kg yellow mealworm larva meal (G1), 4 g/kg solid-state fermented with Lactobacillus brevis yellow mealworm larvae meal (G2), 4 g/kg solid-state fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum yellow mealworm larvae meal (G3), the combination of 2 g/kg solid-state fermented with L. brevis plus 2 g/kg solid-state fermented with L. plantarum yellow mealworm larvae meal (G4). For female guppies, the growth performance of the G4 group clearly differed from all groups with the synergistic effect of solid-state fermented with L. plantarum plus L. brevis. In male guppies, G3 and G4 groups showed the highest growth performance values among all groups. The intestinal microbiota of guppies was clearly varied with supplementation groups. Fusobacteria was the most abundant phylum in C, G1, G2 and G3 groups. However, Proteobacteria showed the most intensity in the G4 group. Intestinal villus height, width and surface area were positively affected in solid-state fermented yellow mealworm larvae meal supplementation groups, reaching higher values in G3 and G4 groups. In conclusion, solid-state fermented yellow mealworm larvae meal via 2 g/kg L. plantarum plus 2 g/kg L. brevis can improve growth performance by modulating the gut microbiota of guppies.

This research was conducted to determine the presence of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) that can cause infection in rose (Rosa spp.) plants grown in Konya province. For this purpose, field and laboratory studies were carried out in areas where roses are mostly grown for landscaping purposes, and infection rates were calculated with the data obtained. The hypothesis of the study is that roses in Konya province may be infected with PNRSV and ApMV and the presence of these viruses can be determined. In line with this hypothesis, various rose growing areas in Konya province were selected as the research area. During the field studies in 2023, guided sampling was carried out and 94 leaf, branch and flower samples were collected from different rose varieties. The collected samples were tested for determining of PNRSV and ApMV infections by Double Antibody Sandwich (DAS) ELISA method, which is one of the serological testing methods in the laboratory. As a result of the tests, it was revealed that the single infections of PNRSV and ApMV were present in 12 and 11 samples of rose plants in Konya province. The total infection rate of both viruses in the province was calculated as 24.47%. Also, PNRSV+ApMV mixed infections were detected in 2 samples. In this study, the infections of PNRSV and ApMV on roses in Konya province were determined for the first time by serological methods. These results will serve as an important source of information for rose producers and agricultural engineers in the region and will allow the development of strategies to control the spread of viruses and minimize infections.

The availability of high-yielding varieties adapted to diverse agro-ecologies and production systems, preferred by farmers and consumers, is the key factor limiting productivity. Farmers access seeds of different quality levels from various seed systems. Studies on seed systems and rates in relation to yield and yield traits of bread wheat varieties under irrigation are limited. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in 2021 in Northwestern Ethiopia to improve the productivity of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties through suitable seed rates and systems under irrigation. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement of two varieties (Kakaba and Ogolcho), three seed systems (formal, intermediate and informal), and three seed rates (125, 150, and 175 kg ha-1) in three replications. SAS software was used for analysis. The results showed that the seed system and variety interaction had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on productive tiller numbers, days to 50% heading, kernel numbers per spike, and plant height. Additionally, the productive tiller numbers and days to 50% heading were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the interaction of variety with seed rate. However, the main effects of seed system, seed rate, and variety alone had a significant (P < 0.05) impact on physiological maturity, 1000-seed weight, kernel length, grain yield, biomass yield, and harvest index. The highest grain yields were obtained from the following main factors: seed system (intermediate (4.52 t ha-1); seed rate (150 kg ha-1 (4.71 t ha-1)); and variety (Kakaba (4.47 t ha-1)), which exceeded the average yield in irrigation (4.4 t ha-1). It is necessary to conduct experiments involving a greater number of seed rates and varieties over multiple cropping seasons and locations and sowing dates to strengthen the results.

Over the years, more than 3336 rice genotypes were introduced into Ethiopia from different countries and evaluated for diseases reaction and agronomic traits. However, morphological characteristics and relationships were not well investigated among genotypes. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterize 100 rice genotypes morphologically for better identification and to classify genotypes relationships. The experiment was done using triple lattice design with 10×10 in 2021/22 main cropping season. Twenty-five qualitative morphological traits were used to characterize and 13 quantitative traits were used to categorize relationships of the studied rice genotypes. The Shannon Weaver diversity index of qualitative traits were varied from 0 to 1. Moreover, based on quantitative traits the studied rain fed rice genotypes were grouped into four distinct clusters and four principal components with Eigen value >1 were contributed 78.99% of the total variation. We recommend crossing cluster I with IV genotypes to get early-maturing besides moderate grain yield variety for short rainfall season areas. And cross cluster III with IV genotypes to get medium matured, high filled spikelet per panicle, augmented harvest index, biomass and grain yield variety for long rainfall season areas.

At the Jimma town’s Boye nursery site in southwest Ethiopia, three selected indigenous agroforestry tree species were the subject of a study to determine how their foliage litter materials broke down over time. Using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the study used a single exponential model to calculate the rate at which decomposing litter materials decayed and the litter chemical quality indices that were investigated. C. macrostachus had a rate constant of 0.0400 day-1, which was substantially faster than that of F. vata and E. abyssinica. It took 17.3 and 29.7 days, respectively, for F. vata and E. abyssinica to lose 50% of the initial dry matter. While nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be facilitators, the parameters of the chemical quality of the litter were found to be impeding biochemical parameters. The species with the fastest rate of nitrogen return in a short amount of time was found to be E. abyssinica, followed by C. macrostachus and F. vasta. C. macrostachus decomposes quickly, which may limit its ability to improve soil fertility over an extended period of time. It is important to take into account F. vasta and primarily E. abyssinica for the long-term accumulation of soil organic carbon.

Gıdanın bozulma sürecinde etkili olan pek çok mikroorganizma arasında yer alabilen patojen bakteriler, gıda üretimi ve güvenliği açısından kontrol altında tutulması gereken kritik unsurlardır. Gıda kaynaklı patojen bakteriler akut, kronik ve ölümcül hastalıklara yol açabilir. Antimikrobiyal ajanlar, mikroorganizmaların hem çoğalmasını hem de hayatta kalmasını engelleyen doğal veya sentetik kimyasallar olarak patojenlere de etki eder. Antibiyotikler hayvansal üretim süreçlerinde ve tedavi amaçlı olarak sıkça başvurulan antimikrobiyal ajanlardır. Antibiyotiklerin kontrolsüz ve aşırı kullanımı bakterilerde antibiyotik direnci sağlayan genetik değişimlere neden olabilmektedir. Direnç genleri edinen patojen bakterilerin epidemiyolojik olgulara neden olma potansiyeli kaygı yaratmaktadır. Gıda kaynaklı patojen antibiyotik direnci kazanması dünya sağlığını ve güvenliğini tehdit eden başlıca sorunlardan biri haline gelmiş, yüksek görülme oranları akademide ve toplumda endişe yaratmıştır. Bu derlemede konuya ilişkin literatürün özetlenmesi ve özellikle ülkemizde antibiyotik direnç genlerinin varlığı üzerine yapılmış çalışmalar incelenerek gıda kaynaklı patojenlerin antibiyotik direnci, konunun önemi ve potansiyel etkileri hakkında bilgilerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Bu çalışma; ıslah sonrasında tuzlu - sodyumlu topraklara çiftlik gübresi uygulanmasının toprakların bazı önemli özellikleri ile arpa verimine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Hasat sonrası yapılan analizlerde çiftlik gübresi uygulanmış ve arpa yetiştirilmiş toprakların pH, CaCO3, değişebilir Na ve Ca, KDK, ESP, kütle ve tane yoğunluğunda azalma olduğu görülmüştür. Organik madde, porozite; agregat stabilitesi, hidrolik iletkenlik, tarla kapasitesi, solma noktası ve yarayışlı nem değerleri artmıştır. Gübre uygulamalarının pH değerinde düşüşe, organik madde miktarında önemli bir artışa ve EC değeri ise çok az bir artışa neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Uygulanan gübre dozunun artışıyla topraklardaki ESP değerlerinin önemli oranda azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Her iki gübre türünde de yüksek dozda gübre uygulamasının toprakların katyon değişim kapasitesi değerlerinde azalmaya,  buna karşılık hidrolik iletkenlik, porozite, agregat stabilitesi ve toprağın su tutma kapasitesi değerlerinde artış görülmüştür. Islahtan sonrası gübre uygulanmış topraklarda yetiştirilen arpa bitkisinin 1000 dane ağırlığı, birim alan başına çıkış yapan bitki sayısı ve boyu, başaktaki dane sayısı ve ham protein miktarlarında özellikle yüksek gübre dozlarında iyileşme olmuştur.

Enhancing crop productivity is essential for increasing farmer incomes, and application of ethephon along with proper pruning practices could provide effective approaches for improving yield of cucurbit crops. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of ethephon and pruning practices on sex expression and yield of cucumber cv long green at Rupandehi, Nepal from April to July 2022. The experiment used a two-factor factorial RCBD, with 2 doses of ethephon (300 ppm & control spray) as one factor and pruning practices (3G, 2G & no pruning) as the other, resulting six treatments which were replicated four times. Morphological and phenological parameters such as plant height, days to flowering, number of male and female flowers per plant, M: F ratio, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit number per plant, and yield were recorded. It was observed that ethephon @ 300 ppm produced the highest yield (65.59 t/ha) with increased fruits per plant (13.19) and individual fruit weight (497.31 g). Highest fruit yield (66.97 t/ha), fruit number (13.47 per plant), and individual fruit weight (497.20 g) was observed with 3G pruning. Ethephon @ 300 ppm delayed male flowers, but female flowers were observed significantly earlier (34.21 DAT), with a similar effect observed in 3G pruning. Both ethephon @ 300 ppm (39.89) and 3G pruning (41.99) significantly increased the total number of female flowers in comparison with other treatments. Control spray of ethephon resulted in highest fruit length and application of ethephon @ 300 ppm resulted to highest fruit width. Pruning did not significantly influence fruit length but increased fruit width. The study revealed that a spray of 300 ppm ethephon and 3G pruning can enhance femaleness and productivity of cucumber.