The aim of this study was to determine the relations of some affecting factors with milk production in Anatolian buffalo enterprises in Samsun province, Turkey. The questionnaires were applied by interviews to thirty nine buffalo farmers those selected by random sampling method. Effects of experience (EF) and education level (EL) of farmer, number of milking animal (NM), concentrate feeding application (CF), weaning period (WP), milking frequency per day (MP), udder disinfection premilking (UDP) on daily milk yield (DMY) were found to be insignificant. Further studies including more factors and data might be suggested to reveal detailed information between farm practices and milk production in water buffaloes.

Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient analysis, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence between yield and its contributing traits were estimated using fifteen (15) different chilli genotypes in northern region of Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to screen out suitable parents for next hybridization program. The phenotypic coefficient of variations was found slightly higher than the genotypic coefficient of variations for all characters studied, indicating that the apparent variation is not only genetic but also influenced by the growing environment in the expression of the traits. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed in length of fruit (27.27% and 27.81%). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance in percent of mean in fruit yield per plant (71.23 and 39.38), number of fruits per plant (71.26 and 31.18), weight of individual fruit (88.52 and 43.80), length of fruit (96.13 and 70.59) and diameter of fruit (79.58 and 35.79) suggested that these characters would be considered for varietal selection. The correlation studies revealed that fruit yield per plant showed significant positive correlation with plant height (0.369), number of fruits per plant (0.587), weight of individual fruit (0.634) and length of fruit (0.450) which can be considered for selection of a good variety. Path analysis revealed weight of individual fruit (0.293), plant height (0.205), number of branches per plant (0.186), length of fruit (0.164), number of fruits per plant (0.132) and diameter of fruit (0.078) had direct positive effect on yield per plant, indicating these traits are the main contributors to fruit yield per plant. The divergence value for cluster analysis showed the highest inter-cluster distance between clusters II and IV which indicates that these genotypes may provide high heterosis in hybridization and expected to show wide variability in genetic architecture.

In this study, the seasonal changes on lipid content and fatty acid levels of Nemipterus randalli from the Mersin Bay have been determined. Total lipid levels were found as 3.17%, 2.12%, 0.63%, and 0.72% in spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons, respectively. The fatty acid composition of this species is composed of 30 fatty acids. Major fatty acids are palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) from saturated fatty acids (SFAs) oleic acid (C18:1n9c) and 11-docosenoic acid (ceteloic; C22:1n11) from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20: 5n3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22: 6n3) from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The highest level of palmitic acid was detected in the winter season, and the palmitic acid level varied between 15.41% and 20.72% (77.79-433.30 mg/100g). The highest level of stearic acid was determined in the spring season, and its levels varied between 14.75% and 19.14%, and its levels were also determined as 77.95-483.91 mg/100g. Oleic acid from the monounsaturated fatty acids varied between 5.46% and 7.98%, and its levels were found to be 31.98-224.38 mg/100g. Ceteloic acid varied between 5.73% and 7.80%, and its levels were determined to be 33.01-161.11 mg/100g. The EPA levels from the polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged from 4.34 to 5.34%, and its levels were found to be 19.30-137.50 mg/100g. The highest levels of DHA were detected in autumn, its levels varied between 21.09% and 23.00%, and its levels have also been detected as 102.30-604.25 mg/100g. The highest levels of Σn3, Σn6 and Σn9 were found in the spring season. The levels of Σn3, Σn6 and Σn9 varied between 26.73-27.19% (122.89-751.59 mg/100g), 4.19-4.79% (18.63-134.68 mg/100g) and 5.95-9.79% (35.22-247.15 mg/100g), respectively. AI and TI values in N. randalli were found at 0.28-0.36% and 0.33-0.36%, respectively.

Genetic improvement in components of economic importance along with maintaining a sufficient amount of variability is always the desired objective in the any maize (Zea mays L.) breeding program which will be handled under the conditions of Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, an experiment was conducted using (27) and (3) check/control varieties to determine the genetic variability of maize genotypes at Haramaya, eastern Ethiopia. The study results revealed that significantly the tallest plant heights for (PH) were recorded from (3) (170 cm) and (18) (167.5 cm) genotypes whereas the shortest PH were recorded from (13) (117.5 cm) and (23) genotypes (120 cm). Good plant aspects (PA) were obtained from genotype 12, 22 and 26 (PA-1.5) and poor PA were attained from genotype 1 (PA-2.5). Besides, genetic and phenotypic variances were estimated for seven components. The highest genotypic coefficients variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were calculated from grain yield (GY – 23.39%). Comparatively the higher GY were attained from the genotypes of 3, 9 and 12. It can be concluded that almost all components of the PCV are greater than the GCV. Superior selected genotypes are recommended to the researchers /breeders to develop disease resistant and high yielder varieties to increase maize production by farmers under Haramaya and other similar agroecologies.

In sub-Saharan Africa, multiple plant nutrients deficiency besides nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is a major growth-limiting factor for crop production. As a result, some soils become non-responsive for Rhizobium inoculation besides P application. Based on the soil test result, the soil of Experimental sites had low organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S) and zinc (Zn)[xy1]. Hence, an experiment was carried out on-farm at Gondar Zuria woreda in Tsion and Denzaz Kebeles to evaluate the effect of Rhizobium inoculation, S and Zn application on yield, nodulation, N and P uptake of chickpea. The experiment included twelve treatments developed via factorial combination of two level of inoculation (Rhizobium inoculated, un-inoculated), three level of S (0, 15, 30 kg Sulphur ha-1) and two levels of Zn (0, 1.5 kg Zinc ha-1). The treatment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the highest mean nodule number (15.3) and nodule volume (1.3 ml plant-1) over locations were obtained with Rhizobium inoculation integrated with 15 kg S and 1.5 kg Zn ha-1 which resulted in 37.8% and 116.7% increment over the control check, respectively. It was also observed that combined application of Rhizobium and 30 kg S ha-1 caused the highest (6.7) mean nodulation rating and seed yield (1775.5 kg ha-1) over locations which resulted in 86.1% and 28 % increase over the control check, respectively. Moreover, this treatment improved P use efficiency of chickpea. On the bases of observed result, it can be concluded that the response of chickpea to Rhizobium and P application can be improved by S application and Rhizobium inoculation with application of 30 kg S ha-1 with recommended rate of P and starter N is recommended for chickpea production at the experimental locations in Gonder Zuria Woreda.

Tobaccos produced in Turkey are grouped under different names according to the different environmental properties and various characteristics of the regions where they were grown. Lice tobacco is an important local tobacco variety cultivated under Lice-Hazro and Kulp districts conditions. In recent years, a large number of tobacco origin and village populations disappeared from production and faced the danger of extinction. Especially the Lice local tobacco variety has gained a very good adaptation ability against the stress factors of the region. Different environmental factors such as high altitude, stony areas and high temperature, low rainfall and low nitrogen soils have determined the important quality characteristics that distinguish Lice tobacco from other tobacco types. The short plant height and reverse conical plant shape in Lice Tobacco produced in Lice District and around of Diyarbakır draws attention firstly. In Lice tobacco, the number of leaves per plant is 15-17 pieces / plant, the ratio of the length of the leaves to the width (38 cm / 23 cm), the elliptical leaf blade, dark green leaves and plant color, early flowering, the petal color is pinkish red. It is a local variety with high cigarette yield, low nicotine ratio (1-2%), protein nitrogen ratio 1%, total reducing substance ratio 15%, and the highest alkaloid ratio. In this study, the plant and quality characteristics of the local Lice tobacco variety, which has a high degree of genetic diversity, were investigated in farmer conditions and the differences with other Eastern and Southeastern Anatolian tobacco varieties were tried to be revealed.

In this study, antibacterial effects of semi-parasitic plant common mistletoe (Viscum album L.), collected from different woody host, extracts on the tomato bacterial cancer and wilt disease agent Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, pepper and tomato bacterial leaf spot disease agent Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria and tomato bacterial leaf spot disease agent Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato were determined. The common mistletoe collected from pine, pear, acacia and mahaleb trees. The leaves and stems water extracts of common mistletoe were added to Nutrinet agar medium before autoclaving at the final concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%. The bacterial concentration was adjusted to 108 cfu/ml with spectrophotometer to within an 0.2 at 600 nm. Then, 100 µl of bacterial inoculums were spread over the extracts amended media plates. As a control group, pathogens were plated on the unamended media. The study was established in 3 repetitions and repeated 2 times. At the end of the incubation period, bacteria growing on all treated petri dishes were collected and their density was measured in a spectrophotometer. Based on the results of the study, 1% and 2.5% concentration of the extracts obtained from leaves and stems of common mistletoe collected from different trees were not effective on the bacteria tested, while 5% and 10% concentration of them inhibited the bacterial growth completely (100%). Also, it was observed that there wasn’t difference on the pathogens on the basis of the host where mistletoe was collected. According to the results of this study conducted under in vitro conditions, in vivo studies should be carried out with the common mistletoe extract, which is effective on the bacterial pathogens.

The aim of this study was to reveal the association of alizarin test scores (ATS) with somatic cell scores (SCC) in bovine milk. The milk samples (n=60) were collected from three milk selling points in Samsun province of Turkey in two test days (TD). To obtain ATS, change of colour in milk after adding dye solution were used (ATS 1: red-brown/normal, ATS 2: yellow/acidic, and ATS 3: violet/alkali). To test for reliability of ATS by acidity, pH values of the samples were measured with a standard pH meter. In SCC analyses, direct microscopic cell counting was applied. Of examined parameters, only SCC was differed by TD, and both pH and SCC were differed by the location. According to ATP groups, pH and SCC means were also changed. Finally, estimated weak (r=0.247) correlation coefficient between ATS and SCC pointed out that ATS data are not suitable to detect quality degree of bovine milk samples.

In the province of Tokat Turkey has an important place in terms of agricultural fertilizers and manure in order to demonstrate the environmentally conscious manufacturer 88 were interviewed. It was observed that the producers interviewed within the scope of the research are in the age range of active working age and have a socio-economic structure that makes a living from agricultural income. Factors such as age / education have a great impact on the economic structure as well as on production. Since income will be the biggest indicator of the economic structure, the income status of the producers has been investigated. Annual average agricultural income of producers is 22,311.36 TL, while non-agricultural income is calculated as 24,886.32 TL. Thus, it can be said that the average annual income of the producers is 47,197.68 TL. Here is what producers think about the residue after using the fertilizer; 48.86% of them thought that there would be manure residues and that it would have a negative impact on the environment, 43.18% of the manure would accumulate in the soil and underground water sources, 15.91% of the manure would be washed away in various ways, 11.36% had no idea about the manure residue and 6.82% that some fertilizers will leave residue in the soil. When the econometric relationship between the type of producer (the producer who only farms and works in non-agricultural insured work) and the idea that the fertilizer will accumulate in the soil and groundwater resources, it was determined that there is a significant and positive relationship. In other words, it can be said that producers have knowledge about the factors that cause environmental pollution. However, it continues to fertilize unconsciously without thinking that environmental pollution will harm them over time. This result once again highlights the importance of the training need.

Consumer demands for raw or unprocessed foods increased due to consumers’ awareness of the importance of a healthy life. However, searching alternative techniques instead of heat treatment is an important issue for the industry in order to enhance the microbiological quality. Non-thermal techniques are encouraged because of their effectiveness on the preservation of natural aroma, flavor and microbiological quality without causing any change in the structure of the product. Plasma technology is one of these alternative techniques. Plasma technology, known as the fourth state of matter, is known as the partial ionization of positive and negative ions, free radicals, charged particles and molecules in electron and photon form. Plasma is usually forms or formed by electric or electrical discharge or by a strong radiation effect. Plasma is classified according to its temperature, thermal equilibrium, and pressure. Cold plasma technique is used in foods for contaminated surfaces and cleaning of medical instruments. In this review, plasma technology applied to foods and their effects are presented.