With this research, it was aimed to investigate the content of some heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) and macro minerals (Mg, Ca, K, Na) in the water resources that meet the water needs of livestock in Iğdır. Water samples were collected from natural springs, surface waters, wells and drilling waters, Aras river and its branches in the region. The data obtained were classified in two different ways and statistical analysis was performed. 1. According to the districts; Central District, Tuzluca, Karakoyunlu, Aralık. 2. According to the type of water resources; Ağrı Mountain spring waters, Ağrı Mountain surface waters, Mountain spring waters, Mountain surface waters, west of Aras river and it’s canals, east of Aras river, Well and Drilling waters. Mineral levels of the water samples were measured by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer with flame system. According to the district assessment, it was seen that Tuzluca district had lower values compared to other districts. When evaluated according to the type of water source, water mineral content was determined to increase as the waters flowing forward on the surface after reaching to the earth surface It was even found to have become unfit for consumption towards the end. Consequently, with this research, the levels of some heavy metals and macro minerals in the waters used for livestock in the Iğdır region were revealed for the first time with their details. Except for the waters of the East Aras river, the waters of the Iğdır region were found to be of usable quality for animal husbandry.

Heavy metal environmental contamination consequent of anthropogenic factors has become a global concern with cadmium and lead constituting a major public health, livestock and ecological threat. This study, therefore, uses goats (as sentinel animals) raised in 2 different regions based on their mining history (previous and existing) to evaluate exposure to cadmium and lead and their consequent toxicities and pathological changes. A total of 130 goats (composed of 88 goats which constitute the suspected exposure (SE) group and 44 goats, the suspected unexposed (SU) group) were sampled. Blood and tissue samples (liver, kidney and muscles) were analysed for lead and cadmium levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer along with the complete blood count analysis. The mean blood lead levels (BLLs) and cadmium levels (BCLs) in the goats from the SE groups were 14.59 and 3.12 µg/dl respectively, which were significantly higher than the SU groups (9.23 and 0.46 µg/dl respectively) A significantly higher frequency of goats in the SE (93.18%) also had an elevated BLLs compared to the SU group (78.57%). The levels of tissue lead and cadmium in both the SE and SU groups were found significant and higher than the FAO/WHO maximum limits. The packed cell volume, red blood cell count, and haemoglobin concentration were found significantly lower, and the platelet count and some leucocyte parameters (total white blood cell, neutrophil, eosinophil, and monocyte count) were found significantly higher in the SE group. The elevated cadmium and lead level in both groups further highlight the ubiquitous spread of cadmium and lead environmental contamination in both study regions and the direct risk of exposure to human and animals in Nigeria. The relative differences in the observed pathological changes in the two study groups also suggest the influence of the environmental heavy metal pollution and exposure levels on health.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediate fast cholinergic synaptic transmission in the insect nervous system. Neonicotinoid insecticides exhibit insecticidal activities by targeting these receptors. The aim of this study was to isolate cDNA clones of nAChR subunit genes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). RACEs (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) were applied to obtain partial-length cDNA sequences. We identified two partial cDNA clones encoding β1 and α8 subunit genes (Btβ1-1168 bp and Btα8-755 bp), respectively, from Bemisia tabaci (Bt). This is the first report of isolation of α8 from B. tabaci by cloning. Btβ1 and Btα8 possess characteristics that are typical of nAChR subunits. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Btβ1 and Btα8 clustered with the orthologous genes of other insect species.

In this study, we examined how the new type of coronavirus (COVID-19), which originated in Vuhan, China, affected the whole world in a short time, affected individuals ‘ recreational activities and how much these activities changed after the normalization process. After the first case was announced in our country on March 10, 2020, many measures were taken, and within the scope of these measures, bans and partial bans occurred. The coronavirus, which has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization and has become a deadly virus all over the world, has also directly affected the recreational activities of people. The study, the longing of individuals to green areas during this epidemic period was evaluated by comparing the conditions before and after the normalization process of recreational activities. In addition, the findings obtained in accordance with the survey conducted in the study indicate that the new coronavirus affects both the recreational activities and psychological conditions of people.

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of essential oils obtained from thyme and rosemary. In our study, the yield for thyme essential oil was determined as 1.34% and the yield for rosemary essential oil was determined as 0.40%. It has been determined that there are components such as carvacrol, gamma-terpinen, thymol, terpineol, alpha-pinene, borneol, linalol in thyme essential oil. The most important components of rosemary essential oil are components such as eucalyptol, camphor, carvacrol, endo-borneol, delta-3-karen, terpineol, bornyl-acetate, o-simene. In addition, the total phenol content, antioxidant activity (DPPH) and p-anisidine values of essential oils were determined. Total phenol contents and DPPH IC50 values were found to be 18.72±0.37 mg GAE/g DW and 4.74 µg extract/mL for thyme, whereas 12.11±0.29 mg GAE/g DW and 2.75 µg extract/mL for rosemary. Our study also showed good antioxidant activity of thyme and rosemary essential oils. As a result, these properties show that thyme and rosemary essential oils have a very strong potential applicability as antioxidant agents for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Determining the physiological effects of single and binary applications of BPA and NaCl on the Ceratophyllum demersum L., which is a rootless submerged aquatic macrophyte, is the aim of the present study. For this purpose, the macrophyte was collected from a local pond that was not exposed to any pollution. Macrophytes were acclimatized in 10% nutrient solution for 14 days, than they were treated with 17.2 mg/L BPA; 10 and 100 mM NaCl; 17.2 mg/L BPA plus 10 mM NaCl and 17.2 mg/L BPA plus 100 mM NaCl. The macrophyte without added BPA or/and NaCl served as control (without treatment). Increasing concentrations of NaCl induced a progressive accumulation of Na in the macrophyte tissues. On the other hand, BPA application partially reduced Na uptake. Nutrient uptake was affected differently by the applications. The contents of some nutrients such as Cu, Zn, Mn, K and Mg were generally reduced, whereas the Fe and Ca contents were increased. In general, increases in contents of total carbohydrate, total phenolic and non-protein sulfhydryl groups were found, when compared to control. Protein and photosynthetic pigment contents, on the contrary to these, were decreased. According to findings, the increase in H2O2 and MDA levels showed that single and combined applications of BPA and NaCl in C. demersum tissues induced oxidative stress.

This study aims to determine the economic size and standard results of the agricultural enterprises growing heat in the Kumkale plain of Çanakkale province according to the Farm Accounting Data Network (FADN) system. For this reason, 59 businesses were surveyed according to the simple random sampling method in Kumkale Plain, where wheat production is concentrated. The classification of enterprises according to economic size was made according to 5 groups. It was determined that 32.20% of agriculture al enterprises were in the 1st economic size business group, 15.25% were in the 2nd economic size business group, 18.64% were in the 3rd economic size business group, 16.95% were in the 4th economic size business group and 16.96% were in the 5th economic size business group. According to the results obtained from the businesses covered by the research, their economic size ranges between 2.14 and 98.86 ESU values. The average of businesses is 24,03 ESU. Total income of agricultural enterprises by economic size groups ranges from 32,669.96 TL (Turkish Lira) to 1,008,939.30 TL, gross operating profit, 7,953.32 TL to 754,769.83 TL, net value added of enterprises, 4,184.66 TL to 736,240.61 TL, net operating family income -13,049,82 TL to 631.720,36 TL. In the 1st and 2nd economic size groups, the net business family value was found to be negative.

In developing nations Nigeria inclusive, most of the cereals grown are for human consumption. Conventional feedstuffs use in livestock production especially in poultry enterprise has intensified the competition for available grains. Consequently, the cost of poultry production is jacked up. Since poultry provides most of the animal protein consumed either in the form of meat or egg, exploring tropical vegetables as a route of escape to reducing the cost of feeding will be a great gain in the poultry enterprise. Tropical vegetables especially the African leafy vegetables (ALVs) are economical and highly nutritive possessing good levels of vitamins, minerals, protein and essential amino acids. The mineral constituent of some tropical vegetables as well as their nutritive impact on the performance, meat quality, egg quality in broiler and laying birds as presented in this review paper. Although, the availability of ALVs all year round, its moisture content level and presence of anti-nutrients may tend to limit its usage in poultry feed, adopting irrigation techniques and improved seedlings as well as exploring the processes of enhancing the nutritional value of ALVs to combat anti-nutrients to tolerable levels by the birds make it possible to be considered as good alternative in poultry diets.

This research was carried out in Haymana Research Farm of Ankara University. Three different varieties of wheat were used in the study. These varieties were; Kırgız-95, Kırkpınar-79, and Svevo. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between soil electrical conductivity values and vegetation index. In the study, EM38, electrical conductivity sensor, and GreenSeeker, vegetation index sensor were used. The obtained values were evaluated statistically, and the relationships between the two parameters were determined. As a result of the research, the relationships between the electrical conductivity of the soil and plant growth index values were found to be negative (R2) as 0.7718 for Kyrgyz-95, 0.7675 for Kırkpınar-79 and 0.7807 for Svevo.

Roughages, a group of animal feeds, are most important input for an ecomical animal production. Without a systematic plan of roughage assurance is not possible profitable animal production. Sources of the roughages are native meadows and pastures, forage plants grown in the crop production and harvest residues of the plant production. In this review, present status of roughage production and its development possibilities in Adana province were discussed.