In this epoch, the tremendous increase in the world population accounts for the continuous supply of foodstuff. According to the FAO report, the global population is probable to cross the 9 billion in 2050. With constant population pressure, we are going to face the challenges of food shortage globally about agriculture. The animal production field provides a major share in the supply of foodstuff to compensate for the stress of food scarcity. By adopting the advanced technologies in the animal production field, its productivity can enhance significantly. Innovation in technology has made work easier with the development of different software and the internet. Technologic development made farmers work more contentedly hence, ultimately amplifying the animal production, proficiency, profitability as well as providing a prompt way for livestock sustainability. The animal production consists mainly of 8 factors including 3 major (animal breeding and genetics, animal nutrition, and reproductive performances) and 5 minor (health observation, farm management, water, manure, machinery, environment control, milking automation and electronic identification). The use of advanced technologies in these sectors is found to be fluent by intensifying the ratio of sustainable livestock farming and the welfare of mankind in terms of food security. In this review, innovative tactics and techniques for animal production are potted with positive research results and their drawbacks as well. The use of innovative technologies in their respective fields is close to taking control of whole world manufacturing under its hand to accomplish the world prerequisite regarding food scarcity.

36 materials of blackberry belonging to three species: R. glaucus , R. urticifolius and R. robustus were collected. The qualitative characterization separated the three species and it generated describers that allowed to identify form, type, margin, apex, color of leaf in the leaves, and presence of antocianinas and serosity in steams. The quantitative characterization identified characteristics of commercial importance (high fruit weight, few thorns in the stem and high Brix degrees) in the materials 3 and 31 of the Collection. The multivaried analysis of quantitative characters for stem and fruit conformed 5 groups that varied in distance of internodes, length of pedicels in the male branch, length of petioles in female and male branch, wide of leaf, fruit weight, length of the heart of the fruit and number of drupes. | Se colectaron 36 materiales de mora pertenecientes a las especies Rubus glaucus , R. urticifolius y R. robustus . La caracterización cualitativa separó las 3 especies y generó descriptores que permitieron identificar forma, tipo, margen, ápice y color del envés en las hojas, y presencia de antocianinas y cerosidad en tallos. La caracterización cuantitativa identificó particularidades de importancia comercial (alto peso de fruto, pocas espinas en el tallo y altos grados Brix) en los materiales 3 y 31 de la Colección. El análisis multivariado de caracteres cuantitativos de tallo y fruto conformó 5 grupos que variaron en distancia de entrenudos, longitud de peciolulo en rama macho, longitud de pecíolo en rama hembra y macho, ancho de folíolo, peso de fruto, longitud del corazón del fruto y número de drupas.

The purpose of this research is to measure the economic performance and development of rainbow trout farming in inland waters in Turkey. As a result of the research, it was determined that the farms use an average of 82% of their capacities. There was a negative relationship between the farm-scale and CUR, and as the farm scale grows, the CUR decreases. The average feed conversion rate (FCR) of the enterprises was calculated as 1.12. Fish capital (36.8%) had the largest share in active capital, and equity capital (87.2%) had the largest share in passive capital. Net profits of farms falling to one-tonne production capacity; it was calculated as 2.374 TRY in small-scale farms, 1.322 TRY in medium-scale farms and 1.896 TRY in large-scale farms. The proportional profit of farms was 1.08, 0.99, and 1.17, respectively. The average current ratio value of the examined farms was calculated as 3.67 and liquidity ratios as 3.55. As the farm's scale grows, current ratio values also increase, and large-scale farms had more cash assets than small and medium-scale farms. As a result of the research; It can be said that the trout-breeding farms in Turkey have current assets that can pay their short term debts. The average borrowing rate of farms was 0.16. In other words, 16% of the financial assets of the trout farms in Turkey were met from debts. The turnover rate of the assets of the farms was 0.79 and is below the sector average. The average rate of economic profitability of farms was calculated as 0.13. In other words, the income that farms generate from aquaculture is more than the opportunity cost.

Abstract Some unappropriated techniques are found in bell pepper agricultural management. Those are: non-balancing nutritional profile among soil contribution, crop requirements and fertilizer efficiency, excessive use of composite sources and the lack of availability of studies on recommendations in different environments where this crop is grown. In order to mitigate the inadequate techniques in the agronomic management of bell pepper, an evaluation of four fertilization treatments under open field and protected conditions with plastic cover was conducted. Nathalie cultivar was grown during 2014-B and 2015-A at "Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria", -CORPOICA research center, located in Llanogrande, township of Rionegro (Antioquia, Colombia). The treatments (T) evaluated were: T1: 250, 75, 180 and 90; T2: 170, 50, 120 and 60; T3, 100, 40, 80 and 40 and T4: 60, 25, 50 and 25 kg.ha-1 of N, P2O5, K2O and MgO, respectively. T2 and T4 correspond to crop requirements established by previous research. In addition, simple sources were used as follows: Urea, DAP, Potassium chloride and Magnesium sulphate, which were arranged in a split-plot design. For the relative crop growth rate (TCR) and yield variables, differences were shown under two evaluated conditions. In open field condition, the highest production and stem diameter were recorded; there were not differences among treatments. T3 is recommended because it showed similar yield to the other three ones. This Treatment allowed reestablishing and maintaining soil fertility levels, with a rational, efficient and low use of fertilizers, without generating contamination and salinity problems. | Resumen Buscando mitigar la implementación de técnicas inadecuadas para el manejo agronómico del pimentón como el no balanceo nutricional entre lo aportado por el suelo, los requerimientos del cultivo y la eficiencia de los fertilizantes, el uso excesivo de fuentes compuestas y la no disponibilidad de estudios sobre recomendaciones en los diferentes ambientes donde se desarrolla. Se realizó la evaluación de cuatro tratamientos de fertilización bajo condiciones de campo abierto y protegido bajo cubierta plástica, con el cultivar Nathalie, durante el 2014-B y 2015-A, en el Centro de Investigación La Selva de CORPOICA, Rionegro - Antioquia, Colombia. Los tratamientos (T) evaluados fueron: T1: 250, 75, 180 y 90; T2: 170, 50, 120 y 60; T3: 100, 40, 80 y 40 y T4: 60, 25, 50 y 25 kg.ha-1 de N, P2O5, K2O y MgO, respectivamente. T2 y T4 corresponden a requerimientos del cultivo establecidos por investigaciones anteriores. Se emplearon como fuentes simples: Urea, DAP, Cloruro de potasio y Sulfato de magnesio; en un diseño de parcelas divididas. Para las variables tasa de crecimiento relativo del cultivo (TCR) y rendimiento, se presentaron diferencias bajo las dos condiciones evaluadas. En Campo Abierto, se registró la mayor producción y diámetro de tallos; no se presentaron diferencias entre los tratamientos evaluados. Se recomienda el T3 que mostró rendimientos similares a los otros tres, permitió reestablecer y mantener los niveles de fertilidad del suelo, con un uso racional, eficiente y bajo de los fertilizantes, sin generar problemas de contaminación y salinidad.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of oestru synchronization on the fertility of hair goats during the breeding season. Animal material of this experiment consisted of 200 heads of hair goats between 3 and 5 years of age. The animals were divided into two groups, (Control group, KG, n = 100; Oestrus synchronization group, KS, n = 100). The animals in the KS group received intravaginal sponges containing 30 mg flugestone acetate which removed after 12 days and 500 IU of PMSG/per animal administered IM. The animals in both groups were mated using bucks for 4 days. The single birth rate was 72% in the KG and 35% in the KS group. Fecundity and litter size were 1.20 and 1.59 in the control group and 1.25 and 1.64 in the KS group, respectively. As a result, the application of oestrus synchronization in hair goats during the breeding season improved the fertility.

Muestras de los primeros 20 cm de la superficie de dos suelos en CIAT-Palmira (Calciustol y Haplustol, vérticos mezclados francos isohipertérmicos con pendiente 0.5%), utilizados en coberturas tanto de bosque secundario como de cultivos diversos por más de cincuenta años consecutivos, fueron compactados en el aparato de Richards bajo dos condiciones de humedad (0.1 y 0.5 bar) para comparar el punto de máxima compactación, y su influencia en la variación de la densidad aparente, la tasa de difusión de oxígeno, la porosidad de aireación, la conductividad hidráulica saturada y el módulo de ruptura. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial (dos suelos, por dos usos, por dos humedades) con tres repeticiones. Para la separación de medias se utilizó la prueba de Duncan (P < 0.05). El estudio concluye que los altos contenidos de M.O. no siempre evitan la degradación del suelo por efecto del tráfico de maquinaria en contenidos de humedad altos; independientemente del uso, el Calciustol más limoso tuvo ligeramente mayor potencial a la compactación que el Haplustol; y el cultivo continuado de los dos suelos los ha hecho más susceptibles al daño físico, ya que en estado muy húmedo, se compactaron al extremo y mostraron el deterioro físico que en la práctica puede acarrear el tráfico de maquinaria sobre el suelo, y en estado húmedo se compactaron moderadamente.

Muestras de los primeros 20 cm de la superficie de dos suelos en CIAT-Palmira (Calciustol y Haplustol, vérticos mezclados francos isohipertérmicos con pendiente 0.5%), utilizados en coberturas tanto de bosque secundario como de cultivos diversos por más de cincuenta años consecutivos, fueron compactados en el aparato de Richards bajo dos condiciones de humedad (0.1 y 0.5 bar) para comparar el punto de máxima compactación, y su influencia en la variación de la densidad aparente, la tasa de difusión de oxígeno, la porosidad de aireación, la conductividad hidráulica saturada y el módulo de ruptura. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial (dos suelos, por dos usos, por dos humedades) con tres repeticiones. Para la separación de medias se utilizó la prueba de Duncan (P < 0.05). El estudio concluye que los altos contenidos de M.O. no siempre evitan la degradación del suelo por efecto del tráfico de maquinaria en contenidos de humedad altos; independientemente del uso, el Calciustol más limoso tuvo ligeramente mayor potencial a la compactación que el Haplustol; y el cultivo continuado de los dos suelos los ha hecho más susceptibles al daño físico, ya que en estado muy húmedo, se compactaron al extremo y mostraron el deterioro físico que en la práctica puede acarrear el tráfico de maquinaria sobre el suelo, y en estado húmedo se compactaron moderadamente. | Samples from the top 20 cm of two soils in CIAT Palmira (Calciustoll and Haplustoll both vertic mixed loamy isohipertermic 0.5% slope) used in both secondary forest cover and diverse crops for more than fifty consecutive years were compacted into the apparatus of Richards at two soil moisture contents (0.1 and 0.5 bar) to compare the point of maximum soil compaction and its influence in the soil bulk density changes, rate of oxygen diffusion, aeration porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and rupture modulus. A complete randomized design with factorial arrangement was used which consisted of 2 soils x 2 uses x 2 soil moisture content x 3 repetitions and means separated by Duncan probe. The study showed that high soil content of O.M. do not always prevent soil degradation due to of agricultural machinery traffic at high soil moisture contents. Irrespective of soil use, siltier Calciustoll had a slightly more potential to compaction than Haplustol, and continued cultivation of the two soils has made them more susceptible to physical damage, because in wet condition compacted to the extreme and showing physical degradation which in practice may result from traffic on soils, and in moist state, compacted moderately.