Six different temperate zone species of Cyprinidae family members, which are adapted to different harsh environmental conditions, were analyzed versus cold-acclimated Salmonid. Hemoglobin diversity in the studied species was investigated with a modified form of isoelectric pH: 3.5-10 ampholite system. 6 isohemoglobin bands were observed for cold-acclimated Oncorhynchus mykiss 8 isohemoglobin were observed for Chalcalburnus tarichi 9 for Cyprinion macrostomus and Sarkisla (Sivas) Cyprinus carpio, 11 Garra rufa and finally 12 for Todurge (Sivas) Cyprinus carpio. Cathodic/anodic ratios were found equal to 1for control and the fish adapted to available conditions. However, these ratios were found below 1 when environmental conditions were changed for fish, which are adapted to these poorly oxygenated conditions. Different environmentally adapted fish species are representing various isohemoglobins bands pattern. The species used as a control group in this study shown the lower isohemoglobin bands form. On the other hand, different forms of temperate climate Cyprinidae family member are produced isohemoglobins bands pattern, and the number of these band were higher than control group, depending on different adaptation conditions. The majority of these protein bands were anadic and it can be said that fish are producing anodic hemoglobin protein, when environmental conditions was changed to poorly oxygenated milieu.

Salinity, which is one of the abiotic stress factors, severely restricts plant production as a result of the negative effects of plants in different growth and development periods. Therefore, it is extremely important to determine the tolerance limits of plants to salinity in order to eliminate the limiting effect in terms of plant growth. Flax is an industrial plant that is used for multiple purposes and has commercial importance in the world. This research was carried out in controlled laboratory conditions in 2021 to determine the effects of salinity on the germination of flax seeds. In the study, germination rate, root length, root fresh weight, shoot length and shoot fresh weight were evaluated. The result showed that significant differences between different NaCl solutions for all evaluated characters. Although the highest value was obtained in the control group in Mures variety, the highest value was obtained in 25 nM NaCl concentration in all other characters except for the germination rate in Dakota variety. The highest germination rate of 93.3% was obtained from the control application (0 mM NaCl) in both varieties. On the other hand, there was no germination in both varieties in 200 mM application.

Wheat, which is one of the most widely cultivated crops in the world, has great importance in terms of economy. Wheat is one of the basic food sources of human beings, is one of the first cultivated plants. In order to meet the nutritional needs in parallel with the increasing human population, agricultural production needs to be increased. Fertilization is the most important factor in increasing the yield. Innovations in fertilizer technology and improvement of use efficiency are of great importance. In this study, different doses of mineral (0, 15, 20, 40 kg/da DAP and 0, 20, 30, 40 kg/da AS) and organomineral fertilizers (0, 15, 20, 40 kg/da 20: 20: 0 and 0, 20, 30, 40 kg/da 25: 0: 0) were applied with or without microbial encapsulation to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants (Rumeli cv.) in pots. Some of macro and micro plant nutrients were analysed in three different harvest periods from seed sowing to compare the fertility of the applied fertilizers. According to the results of the research, all applications showed significant differences in terms of all examined parameters. Organomineral fertilizers were found to be more effective than mineral fertilizers. It has been observed that microbial encapsulation is effective at varying levels according to changing fertilizer type and dosage.

Macrofungi have long been used as food and medicinal purposes by humankind. This study aimed to identify a macrofungus sample collected from Niğde, Türkiye in 2019 via molecular techniques and determine the content of total phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. According to data obtained from the sequence analysis of ITS fragment of rDNA the macrofungus sample was identified as Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.) P. Karst (1880). The sample was extracted with ethanol and methanol. Total phenolic compound content, antioxidant activity via DPPH scavenging method and antimicrobial activity via disc diffusion method of B. adusta was determined by using these extracts. The amount of total phenolic compounds was found as 772.28 µg GAE/mL for a methanolic extract of B. adusta. The ethanol extract of B. adusta showed 79.66% scavenging activity of 0.1 mM DPPH solution. The highest inhibition zone diameter was measured as 28±1 mm against P. aeruginosa by ethanolic extract, while the lowest antimicrobial activity was found in 15 µL methanol extract against S. typhimurium with an inhibition zone diameter of 8.7±1.2 mm.

Phosphorous is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Most of the soil is deficient in plant available phosphorous and due to economic limitations majority of Ethiopian farmers applied inadequate fertilizers. It is essential to stabilize a mechanism to access P for plants with an efficient, cheap, and eco-friendly approach for enhanced crop growth and production. The main objective of this study was to screen efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria from tomato rhizosphere soil. Using halo zone formation on PVK agar medium, more than 400 PSB isolates were isolated from 13 rhizosphere soil samples. By evaluating SI, texture in the culture-re-culturing process, liquid medium pH change efficiency and growth rate, upmost three promising PSB isolates (K-1-29, K-10-27, and K-10-41) were selected. Incubation of the isolates in PVK broth for five days showed significant pH reduction. For instance, isolate K-10-41 showed significant pH change (4.02) which indicates the organic acid production. Isolation and evaluation of efficient phosphate solubilizing bacteria maintain soil fertility, promote plant growth, induce plant response to pathogens, reduce agrochemical consumption and promote sustainable agriculture. Therefore, these selected PSB isolates need further detailed study for taxonomic identification, plant growth promotion, host range, and phytopathogen response. Local isolation improves environmental adaptation and indigenous competition.

Demre Sivri, Dogal Sarı Sivri and Dogal Carliston pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) species were used as test plants in the study. The research was carried out in a total of 9 plots with 3 replications according to the randomized blocks experimental design. Seeds were made into seedlings by regularly watering for about 60 days in the prepared peat and perlite mixture (1:1 V/V) in viols and planting was carried out in the greenhouse environment when they had 3-4 leaves. Irrigation processes in the research were carried out by drip irrigation method, and irrigation was carried out every 3 days during the 20 days period from planting to 7 leaves of pepper plants. In other processes, irrigation was done every 2 days until the plants were harvested. Considering the results of soil analysis in the research, fertilization was done by fertigation method (fertilization with drip irrigation) for pepper purely at 20 kg N da-1, 6 kg P2O5 da-1, 20 kg K2O da-1. In the study, nitrogen (N) ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, phosphorus (P) MKP (monopotassiumphosphate) and potassium (K) potassium nitrate (KNO3) forms were applied. N, P, K, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) analyzes were made in the leaf samples taken when the pepper plant reached half of the fruit size and yield were determined. According to the results of the research, Dogal Carliston stood out in the first year in terms of yield (2987 kg da-1), while Demre Sivri (2788 kg da-1) gave the highest yield in the second year.

Cutting reproduction is the cheapest and most practical method for plants capable of clonal regeneration. However, the difficulties in adventitious root formation in black mulberry cuttings create a disadvantage for mulberry growers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IBA and Paclobutrazol applications on the rooting ability of black mulberry hardwood cuttings. The experiment was carried out in the polyethylene greenhouse of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Agricultural Research and Application Center in February 2022. As a material, hardwood cuttings prepared from one-year-old branches of breeding black mulberry trees within the body of the directorate were used. The study was set up in a randomized plot design with 3 replications and 15 cuttings in each replication. In the study, pure water as a control group, 6000 ppm IBA and doses of 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm Paclobutrazol respectively were applied to black mulberry wood cuttings separately and together. After the application, the cuttings were planted in perlite medium. The cuttings were kept in the rooting medium for 90 days and then removed; rooting rate, root number, root length and root diameter values were recorded. As a result of the study, the effect of the applications on the root number of the cuttings was not observed while the rooting rate, root length and root diameter parameters were observed. In terms of rooting rate, the best result was obtained from IBA+PBZ 1000 application (40.00%) compared to the control group (0.0%). The highest root length was determined in IBA 6000 application, and the thickest root diameter values were determined in PBZ 1000 application.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of Bacillus subtilis addition to growing Japanese quail diets on growth performance, some serum parameters and carcass parameters. In the study, a total of 200 mixed-sex Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks were fed for 35 days with diets formed with the addition of different levels of control and Bacillus subtilis (250, 500, 750 mg/kg). The study was carried out in 4 treatment groups with 5 replications. At the end of the experiment, Bacillus subtilis levels did not affect the feed intake and feed conversation ratio, which are performance parameters, but affected the body weight and body weight gain statistically significantly. The addition of Bacillus subtilis to the diets of growing Japanese quails showed that glucose and creatinine concentrations were significantly affected, and urea, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, phosphorus and calcium values were not affected by the treatment levels. Among the carcass parameters, carcass yield, liver weight, pancreas weight, heart weight, gizzard weight and intestinal length did not statistically differ between the treatment groups. According to the results of the present study, it can be said that the addition of Bacillus subtilis at the level of 500 mg/kg to growing quail diets may be beneficial in terms of improving performance.

This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of four biochar materials; in reducing nitrate leaching from soils of three different textural classes in the Nigerian Savanna region. Soil samples (0-20 cm depth) were collected from three different soil types and three different locations each in the Nigerian Savanna using stratified random sampling. Two hundred and fifty (250) g of soil samples were amended with 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 tonha-1 of Maize cob biochar (MCB), rice husk biochar (RHB), cow dung biochar (CDB) and poultry litter biochar (PLB) and were subjected to laboratory leaching experiment. Sixty (60) ml of nutrient solutions containing 300 mgl-1 nitrate using ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was applied to each of the laboratory biochar-incubated soil columns to study biochar effect on nutrients retention and transport. The experiment was laid in a Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Leachates were collected and nitrate concentration was determined using a dual beam UV/VIS spectrophotometer. The data collected were analysed using the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) procedure and the means were separated using Tukey’s honest significant difference (SAS version 9.4). Results obtained revealed that there were no significant differences among the biochar treatments on nitrate leaching from Clay loam. However, highest nitrate leaching from Loamy soil of 30.53% was recorded by the application of 2.5 tonha-1 PLB and was significantly different from the application of 2.5 and 5-ton ha-1 RHB and 5-ton ha-1 MCB. Similarly, highest nitrate leaching from Sandy loam of 32.18 % was recorded by the application of 5-ton ha-1 MCB and was significantly higher than 5.94, 2.40 and 7.12 % recorded by the application of 2.5 and 5-ton ha-1 RHB and 7.5 tonha-1 CDB respectively. Therefore, application of 2.5, 5-ton ha-1 RHB and 7.5 tonha-1 CDB can effectively reduce nitrate leaching from Sandy loam. While 2.5, 5, 7.5 tonha-1 CDB and 2. 5 and 5 tonha-1 RHB reduced nitrate leaching from Loamy soils.