Meat is one of the main nutrition source in the human diet with its excellent protein, vitamin and mineral contents. Despite its advantages, being high-priced makes meat products open to adulteration. Meat products are mixed food types which can contain different species of meat. However, mixing two or more types of meats is not always allowed by laws. On the other hand, replacement high quality meats with cheaper meat types are a cost lowering way for the producers. The commonly consumed meat types differ from country to country, but generally economical, ethnic and religion concerns are in the foreground. In this case, species identification techniques are gaining importance. Although some techniques depending on DNA or spectroscopy have been developed for many years, choosing the best method for species identification is still among the controversial issues today. Thus, the currently used methods and promising techniques in this area were discussed in this review.

In this study, it was investigated that the inhibition effect of some lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCC68, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Ezal, commercial starter cultures)) which possessed with probiotic characteristics, against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 ATCC 35150 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Besides, the inhibitory effect of probiotic cultures which used with meat and meat product additives that garlic extract over the antagonistic effects of sensitive pathogens were investigated in vitro. Consequently, the whole of lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract which were used in this study, showed inhibition effects against all selected pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was determined as the most sensitive pathogenic bacteria while Bacillus cereus was the most resistant bacteria against lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract. There was a distinctive increase in inhibition effects were observed by used of a combination with lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract.

2012 yılında yürürlüğe giren 6360 sayılı büyükşehir yasası ile büyükşehirlerde kır kent ayrımı gözetilmeyerek büyükşehir belediyelerinin hizmet götürme alanı il mülki sınırını kapsayacak şekilde genişletilmiştir. Böylece büyükşehir konumunda yer alan illerde tüzel kişiliğe sahip olan köy ve belde yerleşim yerlerinin tüzel kişilikleri kaldırılarak mahalleye dönüştürülmüştür. Durum böyle olunca bugüne kadar kentsel alana yönelik hizmet anlayışına sahip belediyelerin daha önce köy olan mahallelere belediye hizmetlerini götürmek, tarımsal alt yapı hizmetleri, hayvancılık yatırımları ve faaliyetlerini desteklemesi gibi yeni görev alanları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışma ile 6360 sayılı büyükşehir yasasının kırsal yaşama olası etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Kocaeli ili Gölcük İlçesine bağlı Nüzhetiye köyü seçilmiştir. Yeni yasa ile artık Nüzhetiye mahallesi olan mahalle sakinlerine, yeni büyükşehir yasasından haberdar olup olmadıkları ve olumlu ya da olumsuz yönde etkilenip etkilenmedikleri sorulmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Applying different technological processes during the production of food has a lethal effect on the bacteria but DNA of these bacterial strains may cause false positive results when detected by real time PCR technique because they preserve their existence for a certain period of time. To overcome this shortcoming of the real time PCR technique, a new method has been developed in recent years, based on the removal of dead cell DNA from the medium by treatment with Propodium Monoazide (PMA) before DNA extraction. In this study, real-time PCR method was combined with PMA application for the detection of live cells of Salmonella Typhimurium in heat treated milk samples. For this purpose, milk samples inoculated with S. Tyhimurium were heat treated at different temperatures (60, 65, 70 and 75°C) and times (15, 60, 300, 900 sec) and number of live bacteria was determined comparatively by direct real-time PCR, PMA/real-time PCR and conventional cultural method. As a result, unlike the direct real time PCR technique, PMA/real-time PCR method prevents to a certain extent of false positive results from dead cells at all tested temperatures and times but higher results were obtained from PMA/real-time PCR method when compared to conventional cultural results. Therefore, further studies should be carried out to optimize the conditions of the PMA application in order to eliminate the high positive results detected by the PMA / real-time PCR method

Verticillium Wilt Disease is one of the most important diseases affecting the rate of cotton yield. There is no economic chemical control for Verticillium wilt, but it is recommended to use resistant varieties to control this disease. This experiment was carried out in a randomized plot design with four replications in the growth chamber to determine the response of some cotton cultivars against a defoliating and non-defoliating pathotypes of Verticilllium dahliae Kleb. In the study, a total of twenty cotton cultivars i.e. the resistant control GIZA 75, the tolerant control CARMEN and the susceptible control ACALA SJ2, defoliating (PYDV6 isolate) and non-defoliating (Vd 11 isolate) pathotypes were used, and cotton varieties were tested using conidial suspension technique. Analysis of variance showed significantly (P

Organic agriculture approach started with coming up the adverse effect’s of chemical and genetic inputs on human health and natural environment in time, it has been also continued by raising the importance nowadays. Organic agriculture production amount of Turkey was 331.361 tons in 191.785 ha areas, although it was reached up to 1.627.106 tons (391% increased) in 379.042 ha (98% increased) areas. Black sea region has nearly 18.000 ha area (4.7%) of organic agriculture areas of Turkey. The region has organic agriculture potential with regard to regional land structure and qualification of produced products. In 2010, organic agriculture production was 31.960 tons in 88.322 ha areas, although it was 119.425 tons (274% increased) in 18.061 ha (80% decreased) areas in 2016. In recent years, Rize (57%), Tokat (14.6%), Ordu (7.5%), Gümüşhane (4.9%) and Samsun (3.8%) are leading provinces in the region in terms of organic production quantities. Tea (67.927 tons: 57.7%), hazelnut (11.785 tons: 9.9%), apple (11.253 tons: 9.4%), pear (5.207 tons: 4.4%), maize (4.705 tons: 3.9%) and alfalfa (4.301 tons: 3.6%) are major organic products of Black Sea region. At present study, current situation of organic plant production and potential in the Black Sea region were presented.

Transposable elements (TEs) are the most abundant group of genomic elements in plants that can be found in genic or intergenic regions of their host genomes. Several stimuli such as biotic or abiotic stress have roles in either activating their transcription or transposition. Here the effect of the Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellite virus (SPMV) infection on the transposon transcription of the Brachypodium distachyon model plant was investigated. To evaluate the transcription activity of TEs, transcriptomic data of mock and virus inoculated plants were compared. Our results indicate that major components of TEs are retroelements in all RNA-seq libraries. The number of transcribed TEs detected in mock inoculated plants is higher than virus inoculated plants. In comparison with mock inoculated plants 13% of the TEs showed at least two folds alteration upon PMV infection and 21% upon PMV+SPMV infection. Rather than inoculation with PMV alone inoculation with PMV+SPMV together also increased various TE encoding transcripts expressions. MuDR-N78C_OS encoding transcript was strongly up-regulated against both PMV and PMV+SPMV infection. The synergism generated by PMV and SPMV together enhanced TE transcripts expressions than PMV alone. It was observed that viral infection induced the transcriptional activity of several transposons. The results suggest that increased expressions of TEs might have a role in response to biotic stress in B. distachyon. Identification of TEs which are taking part in stress can serve useful information for functional genomics and designing novel breeding strategies in developing stress resistance crops.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the movement and accumulation of 2,6 – dinitro – NN – dipropyl – 4 - trifluoromethylanil (trifluralin) in soil under irrigated conditions. Despite its hazardous effects this herbicide is widely used in the country. The herbicide researched, is known to be one of the most resistant and least mobile pesticides used in the country. The investigations were carried out, using drainage type lysimeters with application of two different doses of trifluralin and three irrigation water levels. Irrigations were applied during three stages used as indicators for irrigation scheduling of the sunflower crop. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from the original field in the beginning and from the tanks after completing of the study. Trifluralin analyses were completed using gas chromatography technique. The results of the study determined that the amounts of the herbicide and its degradation product (2-ethyl-4-nitro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole) in the ranges of 3.04 – 0.1 and 4.128- 0.344 ppm, respectively were accumulated in the lysimeter soils during the 5-year research period. The highest amounts of trifluralin and its degradation product were measured in the 0-30 cm soil layer, of the treatment with higher applied herbicide amount and deficit irrigation.

Bu çalışma, Trakya Bölgesinde iyi tarım uygulaması yapan ve yapmayan armut üreten tarım işletmelerini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmanın temel amacı, iyi tarım uygulaması yapan ve yapmayan işletmelerin girdi kullanım miktarlarının ve enerji kullanım etkinliğinin belirlenmesi ve ekonomik olarak karşılaştırılmasıdır. Kırklareli, Edirne ve Tekirdağ illerinde iyi tarım uygulaması yapan 16 armut üreticisinin tamamıyla, aynı sayıda iyi tarım uygulaması yapmayan armut üreticisi ile anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Değerlendirme sonuçlarına göre iyi tarım uygulayan işletmelerde toplam enerji girdisi 30.046,64 MJ, enerji çıktısı 36.000 MJ, enerji çıktı/girdi oranı 1,20, enerji verimliliği 0,50 kg/MJ, spesifik enerji 2,00 MJ/kg, enerji yoğunluğu 1,80 MJ/TL ve net enerji 5.953,36 MJ olarak hesaplanmıştır. İyi tarım uygulamayan işletmelerde toplam enerji girdisi 32.111,92 MJ, enerji çıktısı 33.600 MJ, enerji çıktı/girdi oranı 1,05, enerji verimliliği 0,44 kg/MJ, spesifik enerji 2,29 MJ/kg, enerji yoğunluğu 2,05 MJ/TL ve net enerji 1.488,08 MJ olarak hesaplanmıştır. Trakya Bölgesinde iyi tarım uygulaması yapan işletmelerde bir kg armut yetiştirmenin maliyeti 1,11 TL, iyi tarım uygulaması yapmayan işletmelerde 1,12 TL olarak belirlenmiştir. İyi tarım uygulaması yapan işletmelerde toplam masraflar 16.682,80 TL, gayri safi üretim değeri 24.250 TL, brüt kâr 14.938,10 TL, mutlak kâr 7.567,20 TL, nispi kâr 1,45 olarak hesaplanmıştır. İyi tarım uygulaması yapmayan işletmelerde toplam masraflar 15.652 TL, gayri safi üretim değeri 21.000 TL, brüt kâr 11.511,80 TL, mutlak kâr 5.348 TL, nispi kâr ise 1,34 olarak belirlenmiştir. Enerji kullanım etkinliği ve ekonomik analiz sonuçlarına göre iyi tarım uygulaması yapan işletmelerde armut yetiştiriciliğinin daha avantajlı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

In this study, the fruit quality traits of varietys of Klemantin, Fremont, Nova and Robinson was determined at Centre Application and Research Subtropical Fruit of Çukurova University in three different periods. The width (mm), length (mm), weight (g), rind thickness, number of carpel, numbers of seed, total soluble solid (TSS, %), titretable acidity (TA, %), TSS/TA ratio, fruit weight, fruit index and amount of fruit juice content (%) were measured. In addition, in this study, information about maturation period of these cultivars was obtained. Regarding to the results, Nova was determined to be the biggest fruit size, Fremont was determined to be the smallest fruit size and the most flattened fruit among the mandarins. It was determined that Klemantin mandarin was matured between September and November, Nova and Robinson mandarin species were matured in November, and Fremont mandarin species was found to matures in December