In this study, the medicinal and aromatic plants sector of the Hatay province was evaluated with the SWOT Analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), and aimed to offer solutions for the development of the sector based on the opinions of the companies which are operating in the province. According to the research results, the rich natural vegetation of the province and its proximity to raw material resources, were found as the main 'strengths'. Insufficient incentives, lack of coordination, problems in accessing quality raw materials, and adulteration were found as the 'weaknesses'. Increase in demand and high added value potential, and the EXPO 2021 exhibition were found as the 'opportunities'. Security problems in the region due to the ongoing war in Syria were determined as the prominent 'threat'.

Su kahve hazırlamada kahve çeşidinden sonra ikinci önemli bileşen olup kahve kalitesini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada filtre kahve hazırlamada kullanılan dört farklı sertliğe sahip suyun (şişelenmiş, arıtma, orta sert ve sert su) filtre kahvenin uçucu bileşenlerine ve lezzetine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. En fazla sayıda uçucu bileşen orta sertlikteki su kullanılarak hazırlanan filtre kahvede (12 furan, 7 pirazin, 3 pirol, 2 aldehit, 1 furanon,1 keton, 1 piridin ve 1 tiyofen grubundan olmak üzere toplam 28 uçucu bileşen) belirlenmiştir. Filtre kahve hazırlamada kullanılan suyun sertliğinin 2-metilfuran, 2-metilbutanal, 5-metil-3-hegzanon, 1-metil-1H-pirol, 2-vinil-5-metilfuran, 2-(metoksimetil) furan, dihidro-2-metil- 3(2H)-furanon, 2-etil-3-metil-pirazin, 3-etil-2,5-dimetil-pirazin, 2-furankarboksaldehit, benzaldehit, 2,2'-bifuran ve 2,2'-metilenbisfuran uçucu bileşenlerinin alan yüzdesini etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Koku karakterleri (kavrulmuş kahve (2,27), kavrulmuş fındık (2,35), badem (0,96), çiğ sebze (2,69), toprak (0,96)) sert suyla hazırlanan filtre kahvelerde düşük yoğunlukta algılanmıştır. Sert suyla hazırlanan filtre kahvede tat karakterlerinden acı (3,63) en fazla algılanırken, en az algılanan karakterler fındık (0,40), baharat (0,63), limon kabuğu (0,58), tatlı (1,04), ekşi (1,52) tat olmuştur. Orta sert suyla hazırlanan filtre kahvede ise fındık (1.63), baharat (1.96), limon kabuğu (3.21), tatlı (2.23) tat karakterleri yoğun algılanmıştır. Ekşilik yumuşak suyla hazırlanan örneklerde en yoğun algılanırken (3,55), orta sert suyla hazırlanan kahvelerde ekşiliğin yoğunluğu azalmış (2,55), en düşük ise sert suyla hazırlanan örneklerde (1,52) algılanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda su sertliğinin filtre kahvenin lezzetini etkilediği belirlenmiş olup, daha fazla uçucu bileşen içeren filtre kahve elde edilmesi için filtre kahve hazırlanmada orta sertlikte suyun kullanılması önerilmektedir.

Breadnut is an indigenous fruit commonly found in Southeast Asia. The authors recognized the potential of breadnut as a food source; thus, the study was set out to determine the proximate composition and antioxidant activity of breadnut seed flour. The sample was found to contain 75% carbohydrates, 9.07% fat, and 6.16% protein. Moreover, the flour made from breadnut yielded a DPPH scavenging activity of 97.33%, an indication of high antioxidant capacity. The flour was blended with wheat flour to investigate its functional properties. It was observed that the 50:50 breadnut seed flour and wheat flour showed potential in terms of water absorption capacity, fat absorption capacity, emulsion capacity, and foaming ability. With the rising population and threat to food and nutrition security, alternative sources must be explored. This study illustrated the potential of breadnut as a source of energy and other nutrients. More so, its functional behavior as an alternative or at least composite to wheat flour.

The aim of present study was to determine the effects of different ethephon doses on grain yield and yield components of two faba bean cultivars. The experiment was established in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 cropping season at Research Area of Field Crops Department, Agriculture of Faculty, Cukurova University Adana, Turkey. The field experiment was laid out in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications on the basis split plot design with cultivars (Luz de Otono and Histal) in main plots and ethephon doses (0, 500, 1000, 1500 g ha-1) in sub plots. Plant height (cm), branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per plant, seed yield per plant (g), 100 grain weight (g), seed yield (kg ha-1) were investigated. Differences among the cultivars and ethephon applications were significant for seed yield and it varied from 1782 to 3388 kg ha-1 in the mean of the years. Seed yield also decreased with increasing ethephon doses. Seed yield was higher in 2019/2020 (3355 kg ha) than 2020/2021 (1841 kg ha-1) where low rainfed and high temperature. The present results suggested that ethephon applications at inititation of flowering were not useful for seed production of faba bean.

Ticari yumurta çiftliği endüstrilerinde, kusurlu yumurtaların otomatik olarak ayrılması ekonomik ve sağlık açısından önemlidir. Günümüzde, kusurlu yumurtaların tespiti manuel olarak yapılmaktadır. Bu durum, zaman alıcı, yorucu ve karmaşık süreçler içermektedir. Tüm bu nedenlerden dolayı, yumurta yüzeyinde oluşabilecek kusurların otomatik olarak sınıflandırılması oldukça önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, bu çalışmada, nesne tanıma ve sınıflandırma alanlarında yüksek performans sağlayan Evrişimsel Sinir Ağlarına (ESA) dayalı geliştirilen AlexNet, VGG16, VGG19, SqueezeNet, GoogleNet, Inceptionv3, ResNet18 ve Xception mimarileri kullanılarak yumurta kusurlarının sınıflandırılması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu mimarilerin performansını test etmek için kirli, kanlı, kırık ve sağlam yumurtaları içeren özgün bir veri seti inşa edilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda, en yüksek doğruluk skoru VGG19 mimarisi ile %96,25 olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlarda, ESA yöntemlerinin kusurlu yumurtaların sınıflandırılmasında yüksek başarı sağladığı gözlenmiştir.

In this study, the hypometabolism behavior, epiphragm formation process, and the mineral composition of the epiphragmal structure of the Helix pomacella, Eobania vermiculata, Helix melanostoma, and Helix asemnis land snails were investigated during the hibernation period. 100 snails selected among mature individuals, 25 from each species, were collected from nature for the research. The snails were placed in four 50x50x5 cm pans containing 20-cm-deep humus soil. Snails were fed with lettuce by free feeding until the hibernation period. Hypometabolism behavior of snails that had hibernated between November and December 2018, and January and February 2019 were examined as entering the hibernation stage, hibernation stage, and leaving the hibernation stage. The ionic concentration (Calcium, Iron, and Phosphorus) of the epiphragm layer formed during the hibernation process was analyzed, its formation duration, and its degradation at the end of the hibernation period were examined. In the study, it was determined that the weight before hibernation reduced by 18-22% in all examined species (H. pomacella, E. vermiculata, H. melanostoma, and H. asemnis). The highest values in terms of epiphragm formation duration (19±0.30 days), weight (0.41±0.26 g), and thickness (0.310±0.22 mm) were determined in H. asemnis. In terms of the ionic concentration, the highest Calcium level was determined in H. asemnis (29.96±0.12 mg/g) while the highest Phosphorus level (4.02±0.20 mg/g) was determined in E. vermiculata, and the highest Iron content was found in H. pomacella (19.50±0.33 mg/g). The degradation duration of the epiphragm layer at the end of hibernation was determined the longest in E. vermiculata (7 days) whereas the shortest in H. pomacella (3 days). As a result of the present research, it was seen that the epiphragm layer is important for snails in terms of a sustainable life cycle and that the ecological tolerances of snails depend on the epiphragmal structure.

In this study, the effects of grape seed extract on insulin, adiponectin and resistin levels in diabetic rats were aimed to investigate. Weight of about 300-350g 7-8 weeks 32 female Wistar Albino rats were used. Weight of about 300-350g 7-8 weeks 32 female Wistar Albino rats randomly divided into four groups of eight each: control group (C), group with diabetes (DM), grape seed extract group (GSE), diabetes mellitus and grape seed extract group (DM+GSE). The diabetic group 45 mg/kg single dose of streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally, and the grape seed extract groups (DM+GSE and GSE) grape seed extract was given orally every day with an intragastric tube for 20 days (0.6 ml/rat). Blood samples were taken from the hearts of rat’s end of the experiment. The sera obtained were used for insulin, adiponectin and resistin analysis measured via ELISA with commercial kits. The insulin and adiponectin levels of the rats in the diabetes + grape seed extract group were found to be higher than those in the diabetes group. There was no significant change in the resistin level differences between the groups. As a result; It is possible to say that grape seed extract has an increasing effect on insulin level and adiponectin levels of diabetic rats are decreased due to diabetes and it has no significant effect on resistin levels. Detected by the positive effects of grape seed extracts, it may be useful to use for the regulating of the diabetes in human.

White and red cocoyam starches were physically modified by heat moisture treatment at 16, 24 and 32 % moisture levels. The functional and pasting properties of the modified and native starches were evaluated using standard methods. The swelling power at 60oC, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, least gelation concentration, packed bulk density and loose bulk density of heat moisture treated white and red cocoyam starches ranged between 1.90 - 2.18 and 1.89 – 2.21; 1.00 – 1.80 ml/g and 0.80 – 1.60 ml/g; 1.40 – 1.80 ml/g and 1.20 – 1.40 ml/g; 8.00 – 10.00% and 8.00 – 10.00%; 0.51 – 0.62 g/ml and 0.54 – 0.64 g/ml; 0.41 – 0.51 g/ml and 0.43 – 0.53 g/ml respectively. For both white and red cocoyam starches, heat moisture treated starches at 16% moisture content level had the highest swelling power in the temperature range 60oC to 90oC; also starches treated at 32% moisture level had the highest water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, packed bulk density and loose bulk density. Red cocoyam native starch had higher peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosity than white cocoyam starch. Heat moisture treatment generally increased the pasting properties of white cocoyam starch. The modification of red cocoyam starch at moisture levels of 16% and 24% reduced the pasting properties, however at higher moisture level, the pasting properties increased. These results suggest that moisture level of cocoyam starches influence their physicochemical properties during heat moisture modification; this will increase the array of food products in which the starches can be used.

In this study aimed to determine the effect of ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction on fatty acids yield. Fatty acid components of Tamarindus Indica (T. Indica) seed were determined using ultrasound assisted microwave extraction method. T. Indica is cultivated in the tropics and in Egypt and India. Its fruits are 12-15 cm long, brown and leguminous. In addition to its positive effects on the digestive system, it is an excellent source of vitamin C and a rich antioxidant. It has also been proven beneficial in keeping blood sugar balanced. Fatty acid components were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) method. In addition, the effects of the solvent on the fatty acid yield were investigated. When the results of the analysis were examined, the highest yield was obtained when ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol were used as solvents. Another important solvent is acetone. The least product was achieved when hexane was used as solvent. Linoleic acid and arachidic acid were detected in each type of solvent used. Capric acid, ligroseric acid and nervotic acid, which are important fatty acids, are detected only in methyl alcohol extraction. The ultrasound assisted microwave extraction method was found to be much faster than the traditional Soxhlet extraction method.

Bu çalışmada, Kelkit Çayı (Tokat) epilitik diyatomelerin aylık değişimi, yerleşim yeri altı ve tarım alanları altından seçilen iki istasyondan Mart-Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında aylık periyotlarda alınan taş örneklerinde incelenmiştir. Çalışma süresince epilitik diyatomelere ait toplam 18 takson kaydedilmiştir. En fazla taksonla temsil edilen diyatome cinsleri Cymbella (3 takson) ve Nitzschia (3 takson) olurken, her iki istasyonda tüm aylarda kaydedilen diyatomeler arasındaki en yüksek nispi yoğunluklar ise Ulnaria ulna türüne ait olmuştur. İstasyonlardaki diyatomeler arasında Sorensen Benzerlik İndeksi ise %56,41 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca istasyonlardan alınan su örneklerinde sıcaklık ve çözünmüş oksijen ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Ölçülen bu değişkenlerin epilitondaki diyatome gelişimini olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Epilitik florada tespit edilen diyatome türlerin nispi yoğunlukları belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre en düşük nispi yoğunluk 1. İstasyonda 4,76 olarak Mart ayında (Cymbella affinis ), 2. İstasyonda ise 2,83 olarak yine Mart ayında (Lindavia glomerata) kaydedilmiştir. En yüksek nispi yoğunluk değerleri dikkate alındığında ise 1. İstasyonda Navicula radiosa ve Ulnaria ulna türünde Aralık ayında (13,56), 2. İstasyonda ise Ulnaria ulna türünde Mart ayında (9,43) belirlenmiştir.