The main purpose of this paper is to review on the effect of irrigation water quality and deficit irrigation on crop yield and water use efficiency. Low quality water for irrigation can impose a major environmental constraint to crop productivity. If salts become excessive, losses in yield will result. To prevent yield loss, salts in the soil must be controlled at a concentration below that which might affect yield. Irrigation application below the full evapotranspiration requirement is termed as deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation consists of deliberately applying irrigation water in amounts below the plant’s water requirements. Deficit irrigation can be applied at certain periods during the crop’s growing season or throughout its growing season. Yield reductions also occur in a number of crops when subjected to water stress. Yield reductions depend on the crop’s sensitivity to water stress at its various growth stages. In order for deficit irrigation to be an economically viable practice, the revenue lost due to yield reduction should be lower than savings in total cost of production. The goal of deficit irrigation is to increase crop water use efficiency by reducing the amount of water that is applied or by reducing the number of irrigation events. The interaction effects of water quality and DI illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and DI were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yield. The interaction effects of water quality and deficit irrigation illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and deficit irrigation were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yields.

In the study, Trachurus trachurus, Engraulis encrasicolus, Merlangius merlangius euxinus, and Mullus barbatus from along the coast of Sinop were analysed for the content of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and aluminium (Al) in the muscle. Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations were determined to be lightly higher than the acceptable rates in fish samples. The provisional tolerable daily and weekly intake of trace metals in our work were all under than the limits set by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, while for Cd, only M. barbatus was higher than FAO limits. E. encrasicolus and M. barbatus had the highest values for the collected total target danger section, but they did not posture a potential hazard within the diet of local residents. For carcinogenic and non carcinogenic risk assessment, the results were lower than the admissible rate of EPA. In the four fish species in the work, the Target cancer risk values of Ni were greater than 10-4, whereas the Target cancer risk values of Pb were smaller than 10-6. According to these results, it is thought that the Ni concentration in fish does pose a carcinogenic risk due to long-term and continuous consumption.

In this study, various extracts of Hypericum perforatum L. were investigated in terms of their extraction yields. For this purpose, five solvent systems including 70%EtOH-30% H2O (A), 50%EtOH-50% H2O (B), 30%EtOH-70% H2O (C), 100% EtOH (D), and 100% H2O (E) were used. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction was used for extraction and extraction processes were performed at different temperatures (30°-70oC) and extraction times (30-70 min.). The optimum extraction conditions for H. perforatum was determined based on extraction yield, total phenolic contents, and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the crude extracts, as well. The best ultrasound extraction conditions are achieved in the presence of 70%EtOH-30% H2O solvent system, for 40 min, at 30°C for H. perforatum.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of oestru synchronization on the fertility of hair goats during the breeding season. Animal material of this experiment consisted of 200 heads of hair goats between 3 and 5 years of age. The animals were divided into two groups, (Control group, KG, n = 100; Oestrus synchronization group, KS, n = 100). The animals in the KS group received intravaginal sponges containing 30 mg flugestone acetate which removed after 12 days and 500 IU of PMSG/per animal administered IM. The animals in both groups were mated using bucks for 4 days. The single birth rate was 72% in the KG and 35% in the KS group. Fecundity and litter size were 1.20 and 1.59 in the control group and 1.25 and 1.64 in the KS group, respectively. As a result, the application of oestrus synchronization in hair goats during the breeding season improved the fertility.

The objective of this study was to develop a mathematical model for predicting the volumetric efficiency for fluted rolls metering different crop seeds. A special test stand was designed and manufactured in order to conduct experiments in order to find out the volumetric efficiency of the fluted rolls. In order to meet the above objective, alfalfa, barley, coriander, flax, oat, rye, safflower, sesame and wheat seeds were used. Experiments were conducted at different roll revolutions and roll lengths by considering the seed rate for each crop and the rolls were driven by a step motor as controlled by a software installed on a laptop computer. Five replications were achieved for each experiment and a total of 1660 flow rate data was obtained. Five different models for volumetric efficiency were developed. Analysis based on different goodness of fit criteria were achieved to compare models in to order to select the appropriate one. The study conducted not only resulted in developing volumetric efficiency models but also revealed an important finding based on low flow evenness (low CV, %) values obtained as compared to other studies in the literature.

Agronomic practices for the newly released shallot variety have not been conducted in Eastern Ethiopia. To assess the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing, a field experiment was conducted in 2017 which consisted of seven rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75,100,125 and 150 kg N ha-1) and three intra-row spacing (7.5, 10 and 12.5 cm) in factorial combination and it was laid out in a RCBD with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that all bulb yield and yield components of the variety were highly significantly influenced by the main effects of nitrogen fertilizer and intra-row spacing. Moreover, the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and intra-row spacing significantly influenced days to maturity, plant height, and average bulb weight and bulb dry matter. The application of 125 kg N ha-1gave high total and marketable bulb yield advantage of 32.45% (13.89 t ha-1) and 40.8% (15.47 t ha-1), respectively over the control. Plants spaced at 7.5 cm had total and marketable bulb yield advantage of 35.94% (14.54 t ha-1) and 32.83% (12.42 t ha-1), respectively over plants spaced at 12.5 cm. Therefore, intra-row spacing of 7.5 cm with the application of 125 kg N ha-1 is used for optimum yield in the study area although further research should be needed to come up with conclusive recommendation.

In this study, tetracycline and streptomycin group antibiotic residues were investigated in packaged and open sold honey. For this purpose, a total of 60 honey samples, which were 30 of each were used as material. Honey samples were taken from various sales places located in Sivas province. ELISA method was used for the analysis and commercial test kits were used. According to the analysis results; tetracycline was found in 73.3% (22 samples) of the packaged honey and streptomycin was found in all samples. Tetracycline and streptomycin were determined as positive in open honeys were respectively 60% (18 samples) and 93.3% (28 samples). Tetracycline levels were between 0.12-371.43 ppb (mean 13.91 ± 12.33) in packaged honey and 0.02-13.32 ppb (mean 1.75 ± 0.5) in open honeys. Streptomycin levels were 1.30-250.2 ppb (mean 25.8 ± 10.8) in packaged honey and 0.19-22.71 ppb (mean 8.21 ± 5.2) in open honeys. Antibiotic residue was not found in one sample of open honeys. The findings suggest that, although illegal, some medicines are used in beekeeping or that bees are exposed to antibiotics that are added to the feed or water of other animals. These findings pose a potential risk to the consumer.

This study was conducted in two locations have different altitudes in the cities which have different climates as Ankara, Ordu, Erzurum, Mersin. The purpose of this work was to define some physiological properties of the bees such as the survivability of colony, wintering ability, usage of stoked honey and to discuss all these data. This study lasted two years and the second year was the continuation of the first year. At the beginning of the year, colonies which has the same genotype were equalized as number of combs covered with bees, stocked honey and brood areas and so on. According to the data analysis, it was obtained that the quantity of the stocked honey was not statistically significant by the region×altitude×year interaction. However, year×region and region×altitude interactions were statistically significant. Similarly, it was obtained that the wintering ability was not statistically significant by the region×altitude×year interaction. The only year×region interaction was statistically significant. Also, descriptive statistics obtained for the survivability of the colonies (%) during the first and second year was added statistically to this application. As a result, this work showed that migratory beekeepers could reevaluate the regions which have the microclimate properties in Aegean, Mediterranean, and the Black Sea. And new research should be made by adding different species of honeybees for the performance of overwintering in different climates.

Bioactive compounds, called phytochemicals, are produced as secondary metabolites in plants that have beneficial effects on health when they are consumed as nutrients. Phytochemicals have an effective role in the formation of the color, smell and taste of the plants. As an alternative to the synthetic materials used in the treatment of many chronic diseases, the interest in the use of plants phytochemicals have been increased. This trend has led to the development of a new market. This review includes biological activities of plant phytochemicals including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, anticancer and antihypertensive properties.

In this study, the effects of on 20 April, 5 May, 20 May, 5 June, 20 June, 5 July and 20 July sowing times application in Kahramanmaras and Sanlıurfa conditions on the quality criteria of Simal cowpea variety were researched. The experiment was established in 2015 as a randomized trial design with four replications. The pod length, number of grain of each pod, dry hay weight, moisture ratio, oil ratio, protein ratio and starch ratio characteristics of Simal variety (Vigna sinensis L.) were investigated. At the end of the research, it was noted that the number of grain of each pod, dry hay weight, the moisture ratio, the oil ratio, the protein ratio of cowpea, in terms of the locations, sowing times and locationxsowing time interactions were significantly different. It was determined that the length of pod is insignificant in terms of sowing time, and starch ratio was significantly showed differs in terms of location and location x sowing time interactions. The grain number of each pod, the weight of dry hay, the moisture ratio, the fat ratio, the protein ratio, starch ratio of cowpea were reported varieties from 7 to11.37 unit, from 361 to 1631 kg da, from 10.87 to 13.44%, from 1.28 to 2.11%, from 22.81 to 25.45%, from 42.11 to 49.77% respectively. As a result, it was observed that the characteristics of the cowpea investigated were affected by the environmental conditions.