Despite positive effects on nutrition, it has been reported that milk causes allergic reactions and many health problems. Allergic reaction to milk is called lactose intolerance, but it is estimated that this is not caused by lactose, but by the β -casein structure of milk, which varies depending on animal species. Although there are many fractions of β-casein in the structure of milk, especially A1 and A2 casein attract attention. A1 β -casein causes many health problems because it plays a role in the formation of the bioactive opioid peptide β-casomorphin-7 (β-CM-7). These health problems are allergic reactions, weakening of the immune system and slowing down of the gastro-intestinal system and some systemic diseases (cardiovascular disease, type 1 diabetes, autism, schizophrenia). The underdevelopment of gastro-intestinal system, especially in newborns, causes us to encounter these health problems more frequently. For this reason, the consumption of milk containing A1 β-casein, especially cow’s milk from culture breeds, is not recommended. Since BKM-7 (β-casomorphin-7) formed by A1 β-casein cannot occur in A2 β-casein, these health problems cannot be expected to be observed. However, A2 β-casein causes DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) enzymes to be regulated in the body and a non-opioid effect is observed. It is recommended to consume goat’s milk and dairy products containing A2 β-casein in newborns, people with celiac disease and stomach disorders. Despite the lack of studies on the subject of A1 and A2 β-casein and the ongoing discussions, in this review, the importance and differences of A1 and A2 β-caseins in cow and goat milk were discussed and their effects on human health.

The aquaculture industry in the Middle East (ME) is still relatively new compared to other parts of the world, making this region highly dependent on other countries for the production of food and feed needs. Aquaculture activities in the world at current is mainly focused in China; this may be propelled by its own internal demand for seafood as determined by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Challenges faced in the ME has not been elucidated so far and the issues arising might be unique only to this region due to aquaculture being in the initial stages coupled with water access and limitations, climate and geography, in addition to pollution. This review paper will present and discuss global needs for seafood focusing later on the needs in the ME, followed by a discourse into the importance, types and challenges of aquaculture in the ME. Baseline knowledge and infrastructure to enhance knowledge is a pressing need at this stage of infancy. It is hope this sector will continue to develop, and with the support of stakeholders, aquaculture in the ME will achieve a state of independence.

Syzygium aromaticum commonly known as Clove is considered to be the most precious spice among others, which has been continued to be utilized for centuries for different biological and therapeutic purposes. It is a tropical tree which belongs to the Myrtaceae family and natively originated from Indonesia. However, in current times it is found in a few other places of the world including Brazil. Clove is viewed as perhaps the most extravagant source of phenolic mixes, for example, eugenol, eugenol acetic acid derivatives and so on. These mixtures have incredible potential for restorative, organic and other rural applications. In this review we have tried to figure out some of the important medicinal or therapeutic as well as phytobiotic and agricultural utilizations of the products prepared from Clove. We have tried to give an extra emphasis on the application of clove as a product of herbal contraception however for this purpose dose of the extract (either aqueous or ethanolic) of clove plays the vital role in this case. Although for establishing or making clove products commercially available as a safe product for herbal contraception or other medicinal impacts, more studies are required, and it could open a new era in the field of herbal medicine that would be much safer and feasible.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a member of the family Compositae (Asteraceae). This plant, which is grown for its leaves, is grown in open field and greenhouse conditions almost everywhere in the world and in Turkey. With the present study virus diseases of lettuce and their prevalence in Konya province was revealed for the first time. For this purpose, leaf samples were taken from lettuce plants showing virus diseases symptoms with surveys carried out in Konya province lettuce planting areas from May to August in 2020. Then the collected lettuce leaf samples were tested in laboratory conditions by Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS-ELISA) method to reveal infections of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Miraflori lettuce big vein virus (MiLBVV), Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). According to the information obtained from the results of the study, it was determined that 40 out of 97 (41.23%) lettuce plant samples and all (6) weed samples were infected with at least one of the viruses. In lettuce leaf samples; TSWV (27.83%), LMV (12.37%), CMV (10.31%) and MiLBVV (5.15%) infections have been detected. In weed samples; infections of CMV (83.33%), LMV (66.66%), and TSWV (50%) have been revealed. The infections of TSWV, LMV, CMV, and MiLBVV on lettuce plants in Konya province were reported firstly with the study.

Vinegar is an aqueous food product made by a succession of yeast and acetic acid bacteria activities from fruits that contain high carbohydrates such as apples and grapes. Vinegar has been used as a dietary spice and natural remedy since ancient times due to its therapeutic properties including antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. It has been shown that some bioactive compounds exhibiting antioxidant activity in vinegars lead to anticancer activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate antiproliferative effect of commercial and home-made apple vinegars in native and neutralized form on myeloma cells. In order to neutralize the vinegars, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used. A serial two-fold dilutions of the vinegars (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, 1.56%, 0.78%, 0.39%) prepared with cell medium were treated to the cells. The MTT (3-(4.5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay was used to determine the cellular viability in the cells treated with the vinegars. In this study, while commercial vinegar possessed a stronger antiproliferative activity than home-made vinegar, all native vinegars possessed stronger antiproliferative effect than neutralized vinegars. Interestingly, when home-made vinegar (both native and neutralized) concentrations were from 6.25 to 1.56%, the cell viability increased. Apple vinegar exhibited antiproliferative activity on myeloma cells; however, further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying this activity.

In this study, it is aimed to understand the effects of structural and vegetative elements that can be used in landscape designs on the temperature factor, which will greatly affect the climatic comfort, by using artificial neural networks. In this context, measurements were carried out in the morning (08:00-09:00), noon (13:00-14:00) and evening (17:00-18:00) of a total of 100 days, 50 days in each of the winter and summer seasons, at 7 randomly selected points in the Akdeniz University Campus. In these measurements, the temperature difference values of 11 cover elements on 7 different floor covering types were measured, and the ambient air temperature, humidity and wind values were also determined. The temperature differences between the areas where the flooring elements are exposed to direct sun and the shadow effect of different plant and cover elements were determined using an infrared laser thermometer. These values were processed with Neural Designer software and possible temperature difference prediction values were created for 57.750 different alternatives with the help of artificial neural network model from 837 sets of data. Evaluation shows that the maximum temperature difference is 15.6°C at noon in the summer months in the red tartan flooring material and Callistemon viminalis cover material. While the artificial neural network model predicts that there will be a high 2-3° C temperature difference for the alternatives, it has made predictions for temperature differences between 0-10°C in winter and 0-16°C in summer months. Although the temperature differences that will occur in the noon hours are distributed over a wide range of values, it seems that the morning and evening forecasts are concentrated between 0-7°C values. Also, it has been determined that the wind and humidity in the environment are more important factors than the ambient temperature in terms of temperature differences.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of active yeast (AY) and inactive-stabilized yeast (Thepax) supplementation to the rations in different levels on broiler performance. In the experiment carried out according to the randomized plot design, there were 5 different treatment groups as control group (Group 1), 0.1% Thepax (Group 2), 0.2% Thepax (Group 3), 0.1% AY (Group 4) and 0.2% AY (Group 5). In the experiment, the effects of active and inactive yeasts on body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption, feed conversion rate, carcass weight (CW), carcass yield (CY), abdominal fat amount and mortality were investigated. In the present experiment, the final live weight, the cumulative feed consumption and feed conversion were insignificant. The statistical difference between the groups in the experiment was significant in carcass weight, but insignificant in the amount of abdominal fat and mortality rate. Inactive-stabilized yeast (Thepax 0.1%) was more effective than 0.2% AY on BWG. Only 0.1% Thepax increased the CW besides CY was high in 0.1%, 0.2% Thepax and 0.1% AY groups. It has been observed that active and inactive yeasts are used in broiler chickens without any problem.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, marka otantikliğinin satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde marka bağlılığının aracılık rolünü tespit etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, İstanbul İlinde 18 yaşından büyük X marka gıda tüketicilerine kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle yüz yüze 384 anket uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, SPSS 23 ve AMOS 20 programı kullanılmıştır. Veriler Cronbach Alpha Katsayısı yöntemi, Normallik testi, Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi, Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli, Sobel test kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, marka otantikliğinin satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde marka bağlığının kısmen aracılık rolü olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca marka otantikliği boyutlarından olan güvenilirlik, orijinallik ve doğallığın marka bağlılığı üzerinde, marka bağlılığı, orijinallik ve doğallığın satın alma niyeti üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Mushrooms have been used as food and medicinal purposes for centuries. In this study, some edible Ascomycota were collected in 2018 and 2019 from Niğde, Turkey. Molecular identifications of the samples were performed afterward. PCR products were sent for sequence analysis after ITS fragments were amplified with suitable primers concerning DNA isolation of samples. The obtained data were compared with the Genbank database for samples’ determination. The mushroom samples were determined to be Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Samples were extracted by ethanol and methanol to determine antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial zones against microorganisms were measured. Then DPPH radical scavenging effects and total phenolic content of T. claveryi and M. esculenta mushroom samples were studied. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in ethanol extracts of M. esculenta. When the DPPH radical scavenging activities are taken into account, the activity is increased depending on the concentration. The highest DPPH scavenging activity was found in the extract of M. esculenta with 40.86%. It was determined that the total phenolic substances in methanol extracts of mushroom samples varies between 533.28 ± 1,15-537.34 ±2.20 μg GAE / mg extract.

Evaluation of soil hydro-physical properties is very important in agriculture and for sustainable management of the land resources. This investigation was conducted to assess some hydro-physical properties of soils in different land use types (LUT) selected (i.e., dry upper land (UD), lowland (LL) and residential area (RA)) at 0-15cm and 15-30cm depths in Bade Local Government Area of Northeastern, Nigeria. Soils were randomly sampled at four points in each LUT and analyzed according to standard soil analysis procedures. Results of the analyses of variance showed that LL had recorded significantly higher clay content, larger soil porosities and high-water retention properties than the other LUT. Soil structural stability index (SSI) and organic carbon (OC) were below optimal range and statistically not different across the land uses. The results also indicated non-significant differences in the hydro-physical properties within the sampling depths. The coefficient of variation (CV) revealed that, slight variation (CV