Araştırmada farklı illerdeki topraklardan izole edilmiş bakterilerin kadmiyum (Cd) ile kirletilmiş topraklarda yetiştirilen mısır bitkisinin gelişimi ve besin elementi alımına etkilerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Sera koşullarında yürütülen çalışmada 3 kg kapasiteli saksılar kullanılmış ve tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre üç yinelemeli olarak saksı denemesi yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada Ordu (B1), Hatay (B2), Sivas (B3), Adana (B4), Isparta (B5) ve Antalya (B6) illerinden izole edilmiş bakteriler kullanılmıştır. Kadmiyum uygulamaları 0 mg Cd kg-1 ve 5 mg Cd kg-1 olarak uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, bakteri uygulamalarının mısır bitkisinin kuru madde üretimini arttırdığını ve en yüksek kuru madde üretiminin 57,6 g saksı-1 ile Cd0 uygulamasında B2 aşılamasında olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırmada hem Cd0 hem de Cd5 uygulamasında bütün bakteri aşılamaları kontrole oranla bitkinin kuru madde üretimini arttırmıştır. Aynı durum azot (N) konsantrasyonu için de geçerlidir. Araştırmada ortalama değerler incelendiğinde, fosfor (P), kalsiyum (Ca), demir (Fe), bakır (Cu), mangan (Mn) ve çinko (Zn) konsantrasyonları özellikle Cd ile kirletilmiş topraklarda bakteri aşılaması ile bitkide artmıştır. Bu durum, Cd ile kirlenmiş topraklarda bakteri aşılaması ile bitki yetiştirmenin önemli bir strateji olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Tarım sektöründe bitki hastalıklarının erken teşhisi ve sınıflandırılması, ürün kayıplarının azaltılması ve verimliliğin artırılması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Özellikle nar meyvesi, ekonomik değeri yüksek olan bir ürün olup hastalıkları hem kaliteyi hem de üretimi ciddi şekilde etkileyebilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, nar meyvesinin çeşitli hastalıklarının teşhisi ve sınıflandırılması için makine öğrenmesi ve derin öğrenme yöntemlerinin kullanımı araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmada, Hindistan’ın Karnataka eyaletindeki çiftliklerden toplanan 5099 nar görüntüsü kullanılmıştır. Görüntüler; Kahverengi Leke Hastalığı, Kara Leke Hastalığı, Bakteriyel Yanıklık, Yaprak Lekesi Hastalığı ve Sağlıklı olmak üzere beş sınıfa ayrılmıştır. Veri seti Destek Vektör Makineleri (DVM), Karar Ağaçları (KA) ve Evrişimli Sinir Ağları (ESA) kullanılarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Bulgular, ESA modellerinin nar hastalıklarının tespitinde diğer makine öğrenme yöntemlerine göre yüksek doğruluk oranları sağladığını göstermektedir. Özellikle, iki konvolüsyon katmanlı ESA modeli %88 doğruluk oranı ile en iyi performansı sergilemiştir. Karar ağaçları ise diğer modellere kıyasla daha düşük doğruluk oranlarına sahip olmuştur. Derin öğrenme ve makine öğrenmesi modellerinin bitki hastalıklarının teşhisinde etkin bir şekilde kullanılabileceği ve tarım sektöründe verimliliği artırabileceği ortaya konmuştur.

The basic need of humanity is food. The agricultural sector has had to use new technologies in food production in recent years. The increase in the world population has necessitated the agricultural sector to produce more. Therefore, in recent years, the use of technology in agriculture has increased and new developments have occurred. Especially Industry 4.0 technologies have become preferred by manufacturers with the convenience and added values they provide. In this research, participants’ views on their expectations from technology in agriculture, their views on the use of drones in agriculture, farmers’ views on technology use, and farmers’ views on the agricultural technology context were examined. In the research, information management systems in agriculture and a survey to determine students’ interest in agricultural projects were used as data collection tools. Rapidly developing technology in recent years makes the work of producers easier in the field of agriculture and offers researchers the opportunity to research new topics. Within the scope of this research, it is important to create this research in order to determine the needs and reveal the current situation. According to the research, the participants do not see themselves as having sufficient knowledge about technology in agriculture. The research results show that the participants do not follow the developments in agriculture in the digital environment. It is seen that the participants have partially sufficient knowledge about the use of drones in agriculture, that the use of drones will be beneficial and that the use of drones will replace the use of traditional agricultural tools.

The water hammer pump presents a promising solution for water supply in water-scarce regions. In Mexico, despite abundant overall water resources, many arid areas still lack access to reliable water. This study focused on optimizing the design and performance of low-cost water hammer pumps, which are powered by river currents and require minimal maintenance. While these pumps offer a sustainable solution, they face challenges such as water wastage, noise, and potential for low efficiency. Specifically, this research aimed to evaluate the impact of air chamber design on pump performance. The materials used in the prototype included steel pipes, steel plates, connectors, and lift valves for the air chambers. The pump itself utilized steel reducers, elbows, bronze waste valves, and a steel frame. Testing materials comprised plastic hoses, a digital stopwatch, an overhead tank, graduated cylinders, and plastic buckets. During the design phase, water flow rate, head height, and pipe diameters were taken into account. The Michaud-Venso formula and Allievi's equation were used to calculate pressure and wave velocity. A prototype featuring welded air chambers and waste valves was fabricated for functional testing. Laboratory performance tests were conducted using a 0.15 m³ tank at 1.0 m and 1.2 m heights, with 52 mm and 76 mm inlet pipe diameters. The pump's power output was not measured. Specifically, air chamber sizes of approximately 2690 cm³ resulted in a 15% increase in performance. The lowest efficiency, 5%, for a 76 mm waste valve, occurred with an 880 cm³ air chamber, while the highest efficiency (17.0%) was achieved with a 6108 cm³ air chamber. The volume of water collected at the outlet was dependent on the air chamber size. As the air chamber volume increased, the flow rate at the inlet valve also increased. Therefore, optimally sizing both air chambers and waste valves is significant to maximizing pump efficiency.

Kivi (Actinidia spp.), küresel olarak önemli ekonomik değere sahip bir meyve ürünüdür. 2010'dan önce, kiviyi etkileyen virüslere sınırlı ilgi gösterilmekteydi. Ancak o zamandan beri, bu ürünü enfekte eden 20'den fazla virüs tanımlanmıştır. Bu virüsler, yapraklarda sararma, mozaik desenleri, nekroz ve halkalı lekeler gibi ciddi simptomlara neden olabilmekte ve meyve kalitesi ile verimini önemli ölçüde etkileyebilmektedirler. Bu virüslerin birçoğu yaygın bir dağılıma sahiptir. Bu derleme, kivi virüslerinin tanımlanması, genomik değişkenliği, dağılımı, taşınması, tespiti, yaygınlığı ve mücadelesi konusundaki son gelişmeleri vurgulamaktadır. Ayrıca, gelecekte kivi virüsleri ile ilgili mücadele programlarının oluşturulabilmesi için önerileri de kapsamaktadır.  Virüsten ari çoğaltma materyallerinin kullanımı, kivi virüsleri ile mücadele için en uygun maliyetli ve güvenilir strateji olmaya devam etmektedir.

The aim of this study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag@NPs) by green synthesis method using Cuminum cyminum (Cumin) plant extract. Green synthesis is preferred more than chemical and physical methods because it is a biological method in which nanoparticles are easily and rapidly obtained, as well as being environmentally friendly and cost-effective. The Ag@NPs obtained from the reaction were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Ag@NPs were found to have maximum absorbance in the range of 400-500 nm. Functional groups involved in the reduction of Ag@NPs were identified by FTIR analysis. The spherical appearance of Ag@NPs was determined by transmission electron microscopy. The antimicrobial effect of the synthesized AgNPs was tested on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The results show that Ag@NPs obtained from Cuminum cyminum (Cc) seeds have effective antimicrobial activity. The use of plant-derived materials is considered to be a promising strategy for the green synthesis of Ag@NPs and could be more widely used in the bio-medical field.

Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers degrades soil health by disrupting the microbiota, reducing organic matter, and leading to compaction, acidity, and nutrient imbalance. This study aimed at the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers as an environmentally friendly approach increasing soil organic matter and crop yields. From January to April 2022, a field experiment was carried out at the Crop Physiology & Ecology Department of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University in Dinajpur to assess the effects of integrated fertilization on onion (Allium cepa L.). Three replications employing a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) were performed to set up the experiment.  Factor A contained three onion varieties (V1: Taherpuri, V2: BARI Piaz 4, and V3: BARI Piaz 6) while Factor B comprised four fertilization treatments: T1 (RDF + Cowdung @ 5 t ha⁻¹), T2 (RDF + PLBC @ 5 t ha⁻¹), T3 (PLBC @ 15 t ha⁻¹), and T4 (Biochar @ 10 t ha⁻¹). Measurements were made concerning growth traits such as plant height, leaf number, SPAD value, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average bulb weight, and total yield. The findings showed that variety and fertilization provided a significant effect on growth performance, yield and yield traits. Taherpuri (V1), performed better than V2 and V3. The majority of growth and yield traits were most effectively performed by fertilization treatment T2 (RDF + PLBC), which was followed by T1, T3, and T4. Performance appeared lowest for the V3T4 interaction and got maximum for the V1T2 interaction. These results demonstrate that the combination of organic and synthetic fertilizers leads to sustainable onion production.

Bu çalışmada iki farklı ev yapımı domates ürününün (kuru domates ve domates sosu) iki farklı depolama sıcaklığında (4°C ve 25°C) muhafaza edilmesiyle oluşan kimyasal değişimler incelenmiştir. Depolamanın 0., 60. ve 120. günlerinde domates ürünlerinin bazı kimyasal analizleri yapılmıştır. Kimyasal analizlerin sonucunda kuru madde ve kül miktarlarının depolama ile azaldığı bulunmuştur. Suda çözünür kuru madde miktarı kuru domates örneklerinde azalırken, domates sosu örneklerinde artmıştır. Kuru domates örneklerinin pH değerleri artış, toplam asitlik değerleri azalış göstermiştir. Bunun aksine, domates sosu örneklerinin toplam asitliğinin depolama ile birlikte arttığı belirlenmiştir. Oda sıcaklığında depolanan kuru domateslerin haricinde tüm örneklerde hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF) miktarları depolama sonunda azalmıştır. Askorbikasit değerlerinin tüm örneklerde depolama ile birlikte önemli ölçüde azaldığı görülmüştür. Likopen miktarındaki azalma özellikle buzdolabı koşullarında muhafaza edilen domates sosları için önemli bulunmuştur. Tüm bulgular gözden geçirildiğinde depolama sıcaklığının kalite özellikleri üzerinde önemli bir parameter olduğu ve sıcaklık etkisinin ürün özelliklerine bağlı olarak farklılık gösterebileceği söylenebilmektedir.

The bleeding process during slaughter significantly influences meat quality by affecting post-mortem biochemical and structural changes. In this study, the effects of three different bleeding durations (5, 10, and 15 min) during Halal cattle slaughter on the biochemical properties of expelled blood and selected physicochemical, structural, and textural characteristics of beef Longissimus dorsi thoracis muscle were evaluated. Blood loss increased significantly with prolonged bleeding times, with 15 min resulting in the highest bleeding efficiency (p<0.05). Biochemical analyses revealed that total protein and urea concentrations in blood decreased significantly with longer bleeding times, while glucose and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels increased at 10 min bleeding and declined at 15 min bleeding durations. In the beef samples, proximate composition, pH, water activity, and CIE lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma and hue values showed no significant differences between the bleeding durations. However, meat hardness increased significantly (p<0.05) with longer bleeding times, which was supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showing more compact and organized muscle fiber structures in samples subjected to 10 and 15 min bleeding in comparison to the 5-min group. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) further confirmed changes in proteins and nucleic acids associated with bleeding time. The results obtained from this study suggest that a 15-min bleeding duration improves bleeding efficiency and without compromising beef chemical and colour properties. This study highlights the importance of optimizing bleeding duration during Halal slaughter to enhance beef quality and shelf-life.

Plant feed additives containing bioactive compounds with potential positive effects on poultry health and productivity can be included in poultry diets. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with cherry laurel fruit (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) powder (CLF) on growth performance (body weight, BW; body weight gain, BWG; feed intake, FI; feed conversion rate, FCR), meat quality, and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens.  The study included 600 one-day-old mixed-sex Ross 308 broiler chickens, randomly allocated into four treatment groups, each with six replicates of 25 birds. The birds were subjected to treatments consisting of diets supplemented without CLF (control diet, CLF0) or with 2.5 (CLF2.5), 5 (CLF5), and 10 (CLF10) g CLF/kg until 42 days of age. The diets with CLF increased BWG and FI and improved FCR compared to the CLF0 (P<0.05). Carcass yield was higher in the CLF2.5 and CLF5 groups (P<0.05) than in the CLF0 group.  Compared to the others, the CLF5 and CLF10 treatments enhanced the water-holding capacity (WHC), and the CLF10 treatment increased the dry matter (DM) content of breast meat (P<0.05). In thigh meat, all CLF treatments increased WHC compared to the control, while CLF100 increased DM content compared to the CLF0 and CLF2.5 treatments (P<0.05). The LDL level was higher in the CLF0 than in the CLF50 group (P<0.05). Overall, dietary supplementation with CLF enhanced broiler chickens' performance and meat quality.