Sardina pilchardus is a multiple spawning fish, i.e., the species that spawns periodically during the spawning period. In order to examine the reproduction biology of the species, the specimens were obtained in the known spawning period indicated by the current literature obtained from fishers who were commercially fishing in December 2018 and January-February 2019. After the fork length and total length together with their weight measurements, the specimens were dissected in the laboratory. The adult females’ gonads were then fixed in 4% formalin solution for fecundity. A total of 170 individuals was examined and the values of their fork length, total length and weight were computed as 9.7-13.4 cm (mean: 11.16±0.81), 10.5-15 cm (mean: 12.3±0.89), 8.06-23.7 g (mean: 12.7±2.93), respectively. 44 of the supplied specimens were male (25.9%), 122 female (71.8%) and 4 (2.3%) uncertain, thus, the female: male ratio was determined as 2.77:1. According to χ2 test results, a statistically significant difference was observed among individuals. For the specimens examined, the fork length-weight relationship was calculated as W = 0.0098FL2.96, while total length-weight relationship was W = 0.0071TL2.97. In order to calculate the fecundity, sub-samples were taken from the anterior, median and posterior parts of 15 ovaries in the ration of 2 - 5% of the ovary weight and the mature oocytes were counted. As a result, the species’ fecundity was found to be between 4,600-9,800 (6,110±1,755). The relationship between total length and fecundity was computed as W= 1,640.7 TL-13,907 and a linear relationship was determined.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the workable days in agriculture using meteorological parameters, and a databank was formed obtaining the inputs from all weather stations in Central Anatolia Region, which cover a 20-year period, from 1986 to 2006. Running a mathematical model in a computer software specifically designed for this purpose, the data of this databank were exploited to calculate the workable days on a land for soil treatment, crop care and harvest for any given region and to show these data with graphs on monthly or yearly basis. This software may help to use time more economically and reduce the system costs directly or indirectly. Moreover, the data collected are quite necessary to prepare some national or local charts and graphs related to the general distribution of various climate factors.

Bu çalışma ile Niğde ve Karaman illerindeki çiftçilerin tarımsal kredi kullanım kararlarını etkileyen faktörler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri, 67 çiftçiden yüz yüze anket yöntemi ile elde edilerek, Probit yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen araştırma sonuçlarına göre, araştırma bölgesinde kredi kullanımı üzerine çiftçilerin eğitim düzeyi, hane genişliği ve ikamet durumu değişkenleri negatif, traktör varlığı değişkeni ise pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Elde edilen modelin uyum iyiliği hakkında bilgi veren R2 değeri 0,209 olup, Akaike bilgi kriteri ise 1,321 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bölgede krediye erişimde uygun koşullarda kredi kullanımında düzenlemelere ihtiyaç olduğu ve bu konuda yapılacak düzenlemelerin bölgedeki tarımsal üretimin devamlılığında katkı sağlayacağı açıktır.

Anthocyanins are compounds, which responsible for red, blue, purple colors of fruits and vegetables and they have water soluble properties. One of the natural color pigments are anthocyanins were placed in flavonoids group. This pigment has glycoside form and it has different properties according to the included sugar group and chemical composition. Anthocyanins which known to have positive effects on health bring attractive to the visual features products bring. The limited stability of anthocyanins may cause important problems for process and storage of fruit and vegetables included anthocyanins. The chemical structure and important factors related to the stability of anthocyanins were evaluated within the scope of this review.

An efficient plant regeneration protocol was developed from in vitro germinated seeds of Petunia hybrida an ornamentally important plant in the family Solanaceae. Shoot tip and node explants of Petunia hybrida were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of Benzyl amino purine (BAP), 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3). The highest shoot length was obtained from MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l NAA. The highest shoot number (3 shoots/explant) were obtained from MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IBA. The isolated shoots were transferred to MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of GA3 ranging from 0.05, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l for shoot elongation. The highest shoot length (5.75 cm) was recorded from the MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l GA3 +0.2 mg/l BAP. Rooting of regenerated shoots were achieved on MS medium supplemented with 0.1-1 mg/1 IBA and NAA. The regenerated shoots with well developed roots were successfully acclimatized and established in pots containing sterilized peat moss and grown under laboratory conditions with 70% survival rates.

In recent years, environmental pollution, climate change and excessive use of natural resources have caused problems in the ecosystem. Honey bees are among the most affected by this environmental pollution. Climate change and environmental pollutants cause irregularities in colony development, the formation of weak colonies, the spread of diseases, the inability to return to the hive of field bees, and their mortality and low productivity. Turkey ranks second after China in the production of honey in the world. Honey is a strategic product for Turkey. This study investigated the effect of some environmental pollutants on honey yield in Turkey. This study used the time series analysis covers the years 1990-2017. In the research, honey yield as dependent variable, as independent variables; methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), diazot oxide (N2O) release, pesticide, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index were used. After the stationary of the series was tested with ADF Unit Root test, the relationship between the variables was examined by Johansen Co-integration analysis. The effect of environmental pollutants on honey yield was tested by the FMOLS analysis method. According to the FMOLS results, the increase of 1% pesticide use, CH4, CO2, and N2O resulted in a decrease in honey yield of 0.36%, 0.70%, 0.74%, and 0.37% respectively. On the other hand, the increase of 1% insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index caused 0.15%, 0.14%, 0.09% and 0.84% increase in honey yield, respectively.

The paper attempts to explore the factors affecting the farm mechanization in Nepal, where agriculture is the primary livelihood of most people and the mechanization is crucial for efficient production and productivity. The government has also introduced a separate policy for agriculture mechanization in 2014. A primary data was collected from 300 households and analysed to assess and quantify the determinants of the farm mechanization. A descriptive analysis was carried out for understanding the data and the results were interpreted. Similarly, the multiple regression was executed to assess the factors affecting total investment in the farm machinery. The five different models were specified and compared for the better results. Moreover, to have deeper insight, the farm machinery was categorized into light machinery, heavy machinery and animal power. The results showed that light machinery is an essential part of Nepali farming system. Likewise, the presence of animal power, income per capita, per capita farm area, adaptation due to change in temperature, Household size, Farm area and income are significant determinants for total investment in farm mechanization.

Pectin is a polysaccharide found naturally in the cell walls of plants. Pectin is included in the formulation of many foods due to its functional properties. The interaction of pectin with other ingredients in foods is very important because it affects the appearance, texture and emulsion stability of the final product. With the structural arrangements provided by pectin, different hardness confectionery products, reduced fat absorption products, acidified milk beverages etc. can be produced. In this review, the pectin interactions with protein, sugar, starch and other food components and their technological applications; interactions of lipids with pectin in the body for human health; fruit and vegetable canned process with calcium interaction is mentioned.

Böcek mikrobiyal florasının en önemli üyelerini bakteriler oluşturmaktadır. Bu mikroorganizmalar böcekler için uygun gıda oluşturmak, besin sindirimine katkıda bulunmak, faydalı vitamin ve enzim sentezlemek, azot bağlamak, insektisitlere direnç sağlamak, feromon üretmek ve böcek patojenleri ile rekabet etmek amacıyla böceklerin yaşamına önemli katkılar sağlamaları yanında böcekleri öldüren, hastalandıran ve kontrol eden bakteriler de bulunmaktadır. Zararlılar ile mücadelede yeni, çevreye duyarlı ve daha etkili mücadele yöntemleri gerekmektedir. Öncelikle ülkemizde bulunan zararlı böcek türlerinin, endosimbiyont bakteri kompozisyonları belirlendikten sonra yapılacak deneyler için yeni bir mücadele stratejisini mümkün kılabilir. Buradan hareketle ülkemiz depolarında yaygın olarak bulunan sekonder zararlı, Küçük Kırma Biti Cryptolestes ferrugineus’ (L.) bünyesindeki endosimbiyont varlığının araştırılması amacıyla Adana, Konya, İzmir, Samsun ve İstanbul illerindeki hububat depolarından 10 adet C. ferrugineus popülasyonu toplanmıştır. Söz konusu böcek türünde ülkemizde ilk kez endosimbiyont mikroorganizmalardan Wolbachia, Rickettsia ve Spiroplasma varlıkları, sentetik primerler ve PCR metodu uygulanarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam 10 popülasyondan üçünde Wolbachia, altısında Rickettsia ve bir popülasyonda ise Spiroplasma belirlenmiştir. Türkiye genelinde 10 popülasyondan yedisinin (%70) bir endosimbiyontla bulaşık olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışma, C. ferrugineus’un endosimbiyontlar Wolbachia, Rickettsia ve Spiroplasma ile enfekteli olduğunu gösteren dünyadaki ilk çalışma özelliğini taşımaktadır.

Bu çalışmada, Gundellia tournefortii bitkisinin tohumlarından elde edilen su ekstraktının GC/MS (Gaz kromatografisi -Kütle spektrometresi) analizi ile genel olarak içeriğinin değerlendirilmesi, makro ve mikro besin elementi konsantrasyonları, antimikrobiyal aktivitesi, toplam antioksidan seviyesi (TAS), toplam oksidan seviyesi (TOS), oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) değerlerinin belirlenmesi ve çeşitli hücre hatları üzerindeki anti-kanserojen niteliklerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. TAS, TOS ve OSI değerlerini tespit etmek için Rel Assay Diagnostics kitler kullanılmıştır. Antimikrobiyal aktivite analizleri, Mikrodilüsyon Broth yöntemi ile Minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyon (MIC) değeri belirlenerek, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus cereus (ATCC11778), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 13883), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) ve Candida tropicalis (DSM11953) mikroorganizmaları üzerinde yapılmıştır. Sitotoksik aktivite ise, normal fare fibroblast hücre hattı, HUVEC ve 3 farklı insan kanser hücre hattında MTT yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Gundelia tournefortii bitki ekstraktının S. aureus bakterisi üzerinde orta düzeyde, diğer mikroorganizmalar üzerinde ise zayıf düzeyde antimikrobiyal aktivite, iyi derecede antioksidan aktivite ve bazı hücrelerde sitotoksik aktivitesinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bitkinin oksidatif stres indeksinin ise, düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, makro ve mikro besin elementi içeriği bakımından Gundellia tournefortii bitkisinin %3,64 N, %0,11 P, %3,78 K, %0,22 Ca, %0,57 Mg, 268,4 mg/kg Fe, 16,7 mg/kg Zn, 19,4 mg/kg Mn ve 8,3 mg/kg Cu konsantrasyonlarına sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.