Bugün kırmızı et tüketiminin yeterli düzeyde olması ülkelerin gelişme düzeylerinin göstergelerinden birisidir. Fakat Türkiye’de yeterli kırmızı et üretiminin olmaması, fiyatların yükselmesine ve kırmızı et tüketiminin düşmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu durum ithalatı zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Türkiye’de Kastamonu gibi birçok bölge, geniş meraları ve ormanlık alanları ile küçükbaş hayvancılığa fazlasıyla uygundur. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, Kastamonu İlinde kırsal kalkınmanın sağlanması için, küçükbaş hayvan üreticilerinin sorunlarını tespit ederek, bu sorunların kümelenme yolu ile çözülebilme durumunu araştırmaktır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için, İlde bulunan üreticiler ile görüşmeler yapılarak, sektörün sorunları ve bu sorunların çözümünde kümelenme olgusuna bakış açıları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, işletme sermayesi yönetiminin firma karlılığı üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada BİST-100 Gıda sektöründe faaliyet gösteren 28 firmanın 2012 ve 2017 yılları arasındaki verileri kullanılarak çoklu regresyon analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada bağımlı değişken olarak aktif karlılık; bağımsız değişkenler olarak ise alacak tahsil süresi, stokta tutma süresi, nakit döngüsü, aktif büyüklük(toplam aktiflerin logaritması), büyüme oranı ve finansal kaldıraç oranı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada aktif büyüklük, büyüme oranı ve kaldıraç oranı ile aktif karlılık arasında istatistiksel olarak pozitif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada regresyon analizi varsayımlarının sağlanıp sağlanmadıkları da irdelenerek, ele alınan modellerdeki değişkenler arasındaki çoklu doğrusal bağıntı ve tahmin edilen modellere ait hata terimleri arasındaki otokorelasyon problemleri de giderilmiştir.

Bu çalışmada, tüketicilerin sosyal etki, çevresel duyarlılık ve çevresel bilincinin yeşil ürün satın alma davranışı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla Antalya ilinde 384 kişiye yüz yüze anket yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada veri analizi, SPSS 22 ve AMOS 20 programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler Cronbach Alpha Katsayısı yöntemi, Normallik testi, Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi, Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, sosyal etkinin, yeşil ürün satın alma davranışı üzerinde orta düzeyde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu, çevresel duyarlılık ve çevre bilincinin yeşil ürün satın alma davranışı üzerinde zayıf ve anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.

Kombucha is a beverage prepared from fermented traditionally-flavored black or green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) with symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). In this study, the changes in the physicochemical, bioactive components, microbial quality and sensory properties of black tea kombucha and different proportions of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) kombucha after fermentation were evaluated. While the pH values decreased during storage, the total acidity value increased. Purple basil had higher total phenolic content at all storage times than the other samples. At the end of the study, it was concluded that the total amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in purple basil was highly conserved compared to the other samples. Antioxidant values on the 30th day determined highest DPPH (radical scavenging activity) (64.19%) and CUPCAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) (41.48%) in the purple basil kombucha beverage. When the color values were examined, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in the overall storage process in all samples. There was no significant change inconsistency, smell, taste and general acceptance with the storage process. As a result, 30-day storage period was found to be more successful and favorable for 100% purple basil kombucha tea.

Grazing activities of indigenous sheep breed of the Turkish breed Karakaş and Koçeri which were transhumance flocks were investigated in a typical unimproved mountainous pasture in the East of Turkey. Data were collected from two different flocks on main daily activities (grazing, resting, moving or standing) every fifteen minutes. The characteristics of the pastures around the routes were assessed according to CORINE Land Cover classification system. Standing was a residual activity in both study paths. The animals concentrated their activity mostly on grazing while resting and moving occurred in specific times during the whole grazing period. Once the animals were heading back to their main settlement areas to be milked, grazing activity have been increased. Further studies on grazing behavior and changes in land cover will help to adjust the management strategies to the available natural resources.

Turunçgillerin küçük mücevheri olarak nitelendirilen kamkat (Fortunella spp.) Rutaceae familyasının Fortunella cinsi içerisinde yer almaktadır. Anavatanı Çin olup, 19. Yüzyıl’da Amerika ve Avrupa’ya getirilmiş ve subtropik iklimlere adapte edilmiştir. Dünyada Çin, Japonya ve Amerika’da yaygın olarak yetiştirilmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalarda kamkatın içerdiği askorbik asit, karotenoidler, uçucu yağlar, diyet lif ve flavonoidler gibi biyoaktif bileşenlerin sağlık üzerine olumlu etkileri olduğu bildirilmiştir. Kamkat meyvesi taze tüketiminin yanında reçel, marmelat, şarap, likör ve meyve çayı gibi farklı gıda ürünlerine işlenerek de değerlendirilmekte, uçucu yağı ve ekstraktları gıda ve kozmetik sektöründe kullanılmaktadır. Sağlık üzerine olumlu etkileri olduğu anlaşılan kamkatın ülkemizde son yıllarda yetiştiriciliği ve üretimi konusundaki çalışmalar artış göstermiştir. Bu derlemede kamkat meyvesinin önemli biyoaktif bileşenleri ve biyolojik aktiviteleri ile ilgili çalışmalar özetlenmiştir.

Carotenoids which are a lipophilic component are an organic pigment with antioxidant properties that contain conjugated double bonds. Research on carotenoids have recently concentrated on functional foods, bioavailability and pharmacology due to their potential health benefits to humans. Carotenoid components are occurred a reduction of the biological activity by effect of undesired environmental conditions such as oxygen, heat, light, humidity during food processing and storage or gastrointestinal tract. Applicability in aqueous systems of carotenoids is limited because of lipophilic. Therefore, microencapsulation is an effective way to overcome these problems. Various microencapsulation technique such as spray drying, freeze drying, extrusion, conservation and emulsification has been developed. Besides selected microencapsulation method, coating material is also important in the encapsulation. Recently, multi-layers emulsification method is attracted interest in improving stability, availability in aqueous system and bioavailability of carotenoid load microcapsules. İt is stated in studies that developed microencapsulation techniques or using combine microencapsulation techniques increase encapsulation efficiency and yield. In the present paper, it is aimed to present using microencapsulation techniques in order to enhance stability and bioavailability of carotenoids which are a sensitive component, and current research, developments and trends about the subject.

In our study, validation was carried out at 24 and 200 mg/kg enrichment for residue analysis of nitrate active substance only in lettuce samples. Analyses were performed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in lettuce, spinach, salad and arugula samples. In order to eliminate the matrix effect, matrix calibration was used, ie calibration of lettuce samples. Validation of the method was performed with criteria such as precision, repeatability, repeatability limit, reproducibility, repeatability limit, accuracy, linearity of calibration and recovery. The calibration curve was found as linear in the range of 0.2-40 mg/kg. The recovery from the samples is between 97.3-100.2 %. The repeatability and reproducibility values for the two concentrations were 1.89 (matrix+24 ppm) and 3.65 (matrix+200 ppm), 3.951 (matrix+24 ppm) and 3.456 (matrix+200 ppm), respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility limit values are within acceptable limits. Accuracy, precision, combined uncertainty and extended uncertainty (95% confidence: k=2) were found as 0.015 (matrix+24 ppm) and 0.004 (matrix+200 ppm), 0.039 (matrix+24 ppm) and 0.006 (matrix+200 ppm), 0.041 (matrix+24 ppm) and 0.007 (matrix+200 ppm), 0.082 (matrix+24 ppm) and 0.014 (matrix+200 ppm). In our study, the highest nitrate ratio was determined in spinach with 3486 mg/kg in total 102 samples. Lettuce following spinach (2825 mg/kg) showed lower nitrate content, while lower concentrations of nitrate were detected in iceberg (1985 mg/kg) and arugula (1870 mg/kg), respectively. The results may be useful in estimating body intake levels for research on the effects of nitrite and nitrate on human health in vegetable producers and in our daily diet. In addition, the nitrate content of the vegetables analysed in the study is an indicator of the use of nitrogenous fertilizers in the Mediterranean region, but showed no problem for human and animal health.

Seafood poisoning due to mussels contaminated with pathogens is an important health issue all over the world. Increasing attention and efforts are made to improve the last product quality of mussels and to save consumers from food poisoning. In this study, the depuration process of black mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) which have a high consumption rate and located in coastal waters of Turkey was tried to improve using Chloramine-T and superoxide disinfectants. For this purpose, mussels contaminated with Escherichia coli were subjected to depuration for 6 hours in the presence of 20 mg / L of two disinfectants. In the study, It was determined that E. coli numbers in the mussels of disinfectant groups with an initial bacterial load of 4.4 Log cfu / g, decreased to 3.70 and 3.86 Log cfu / g, respectively and the depuration was faster than the control group (4.05 Log cfu / g). As a result, it has been concluded that the use of food-suitable disinfectants in deposition waters can be used for faster and more effective purification. However, considering the possibility of chemicals leaving residues in mussels, detailed studies should be carried out.

The aim of this study is to determine the consumption habits of aquatic products in Ardahan province and its districts. The study carried out between 2014 and 2015 was prepared face to face with the consumers by using a questionnaire prepared to measure the consumption habits of aquatic products. The research material consisted of data collected from 302 people by face to face survey method. When the demographic data were analysed according to the results of the study; 73.84% of the respondents were native to Ardahan and 26.15% were immigrants, 38.08% were female, 61.92% were male, the average age was 32.50 and the average monthly income was 1862.80 TL. According to the findings of the study, per capita annual fish consumption is 39 kg and per capita monthly fish consumption is 3.25 kg. The most preferred species of freshwater fish was trout (75.22%), while anchovy was found in marine fish (48.57%). While 21.98% of the participants consume fish, 18.73% chicken, 17.62% veal, 13.52% goose, 13.34% sheep, 6.67% goat meat and 4.19% turkey meat, only 1.71% prefer aquatic species such as mussels and shrimps. The important reason why fish is preferred is being healthy with 45.03%. The other most consumed aquatic products is mussel with 11.92%. It was determined that 76.49% of the consumers did not consume aquatic products other than fish. As a result, it is determined that although there is no coastline of Ardahan and the socio-economic level of the people is not high, the consumption of fish is high. The people of the region who deal with cattle as a source of livelihood prefer to consume aquatic products. In this respect, Ardahan is at the level that can be an example to Turkey.