Tea (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular nonalcoholic beverages in the world. During tea infusion, both essential mineral elements and toxic metals are extracted into the beverage. In oriental countries, almost a liter of tea is consumed daily by an average adult. Thus, high toxic elements in traditional teas can be of concern. Aim of the study was to determine the essential element contents and toxic heavy metal concentrations in tea products available on the market in Turkey and comparing the contents of infusion for Turkish and Ceylon black and green tea types. The associated health risk to tea drinkers were estimated with reference to Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) Values from US EPA for adults and children. Among the essential elements in all of the black teas purchased from the market, K was present at the highest concentration followed by Mg, Ca and Al. Pb and Mn contents of several tea samples were found over the Tolerable Daily Intake levels.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the important spices in the world. Nepal is the fourth largest producers of ginger in the world, which produced 271.863 MT in 2016. In Nepal, seventy districts are producing ginger and around 400.000 households are involving in the ginger farming which is the chief source of the household income. Moreover, ginger has prioritized by several policies and strategies of the Government of Nepal. This paper examined the production trend and market access of Nepali ginger considering the ginger global market. A diagnostic study of production, value addition, and the marketing system was carried out between the eastern and the western part of Nepal. The secondary information was reviewed and analysed for the study. Likewise, the key informant survey was performed for the primary data and information. For Nepali ginger, India is found constantly top destination. The result of price index suggested that Nepali ginger is losing significant potential earning by not having top most lucrative markets for fresh ginger. Moreover, the trend of the export is ever fluctuating and the result showed that trade of ginger to India in term of export is more stable from the western region as compared to the eastern region. The study found that the major determinants of ginger market access are quality of ginger produced, value addition, level of trade facilitation, and domestic production and the import of India from other countries.

As a result of the studies conducted in Bartın in 2019, it was determined that Garella musculana (Erschoviella musculana Erschoff 1874) caused damage to young shoots of Juglans nigra in the world for the first time. According to Eppo data,it is known that Garella musculana damages only in Juglans regia (major), but in this study, it has been revealed as the first record in the world that Garella musculana also causes damage in Juglans nigra (Black walnut) (young shoots).

Vegetables supply various minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers along with important phytochemicals that plays a major contribution in our balance diets and nutrition. Each vegetable contain a unique amount of various nutrients that are strongly linked with the protection of different health diseases. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a nonwoody annual plant with purple to white flowers along with enlarged lobed leaves with bushy foliage that grows with maximum height of 120cm. Eggplant is mainly grown for vegetables and medicinal purposes. The phytochemical analysis of eggplant shows that it is the rich source of various essential compounds aspartic acid, tropane, flavonoids, lanosterol, gramisterol, steroid alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, histidine, nasunin, oxalic acid, solasodine, ascorbic acid and tryptophan that are present in fruits and leaves. It also contains low calories and high moisture contents. These compounds were found helpful in the cure of various diseases like cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, anti-platelet hypo-lipidemic, and hypotensive etc. Today most modern scientific techniques are available to cure different various health problems but still majority of population across the globe depends upon the traditional herbal medicines and practices. This review mainly explains nutritional content, medicinal and health benefits of S. melongena

Globally, 16.9% of milk used by humans is taken from different species other than a cow. These species are sheep, horse, yak, ass, goat, camel and buffalo. The global camel (Camelus dromedarius) population is about 34 million head with sharing of almost 0.4% of world’s non-cattle milk. Within the last 20 years, the curiosity of camel farming is amassed remarkably in different countries of the world including the Netherland, Italy and USA for camel milk production. The camel is considered as a goal animal of the 21st century because it produces high quality milk under extreme temperature, deficiency of pasture and dearth of water. The average milk production of camel fluctuates from 4 to 30 lt with lactation length ranges from 9 to18 months having peak yield in second to the third month of lactation. Camel’s milk is used globally because of its salty taste, high vitamin C concentration and its medicinal properties. Nevertheless, it gives many valuable benefits such as treatment of autism, control diabetes and allergy, prevention from liver cirrhosis and replacer of cow milk to avoid an infant’s allergic reaction. The camel milk is a natural treatment of diabetes as it has a substantial result in a decrease of mean blood glucose and conserves necessary insulin doses. Camel milk constitutes of protein (2.5-4.5%), fat (2.9-5.5%), solid not fat (8.9 -14.3%), ash (0.35-0.95%), lactose (2.9-5.8%) and water (86.3-88.5%) as mean specific gravity is 1.03. Due to its distinct properties, the consumption of camel milk is increasing day by day and a number of industries are working to promote camel milk production and processing. Therefore, the tenacity of this review article is to explicate the beneficial uses and production of camel milk over the globe.

The use of dried cheese in food production and food preparation sectors is becoming increasingly widespread. Dried cheese is preferred because of their longer shelf life at room temperatures, smaller packaging sizes, practical use, and their ease of homogenization in food products. Various technologies are currently being used for the drying of cheese and efforts are still being made to develop new methods. Freeze drying is a highly preferred technique for the production of dried cheese due to high quality of the final product. Instant removal of water and low process temperatures ensure an effective prevention of chemical and microbial deterioration. In this study, White, Kashar and Tulum cheeses were dried by freeze-drying method. Physicochemical analyses were carried out on the first day in order to determine the initial quality of cheese samples. The moisture and salt content were highest in White cheese, titratable acidity and fat content were highest in Tulum Cheese. Freze dried cheese samples were stored in room conditions for 6 months and changes in microbial populations such as mesophilic aerobic bacteria, yeast and moulds, lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococci spp. and coliform group bacteria were determined. The results showed that Tulum Cheese contained highest microbial counts in general. The number of bacteria was 7.71±0.10 log cfu/g in Tulum Cheese, 5.70±0.07 log cfu/g in White cheese. Total counts of yeasts and molds were 7.37±0.06 log cfu/g for Tulum cheese and 4.92±0.07 log cfu/g for Kashar Cheese. Statistical analysis was performedby using Minitab Statistical Package Program to evaluate the results of microbiological analysis on dried cheese samples.

Türkiye; coğrafik, topoğrafik ve ekolojik farklılığının sonucu olarak oldukça zengin bir biyolojik çeşitliliğe sahiptir. Türkiye biyolojik zenginliği nedeni ile bir biyolojik çekim merkezi ve zengin bir biyolojik materyal deposu olma özelliği arz etmektedir. Biyolojik çeşitliliğin yetkili kurumların izni olmadan toplanması ve yurt dışına çıkarılması, biyo-kaçakçılık olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Maalesef, alınan bütün tedbirlere rağmen, birçok sektör tarafından kullanım alanı olan biyolojik çeşitliliğimiz, biyolojik kaçakçılığa maruz kalmış ve kalmaya devam etmektedirler. Biyolojik çeşitliliğimizi gelecek nesillere, güvenli bir biçimde teslim etme konusunda içimizin rahat ve gönlümüzün ferah olması gerekir. Bu amaçla; i) toplumsal duyarlılığın oluşturulması, ii) uzman personellerin yetiştirilmesi, iii) yasal düzenlemelerin en üst düzeyde yapılması, iv) ulusal ve uluslararası koordinasyon ve işbirliğinin sağlanması ve canlı tutulması, v) biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması ve sürdürülebilir kullanılmasına hizmet etme potansiyeli olan çalışmalara yeteri kadar destek verilmelidir. Bu makalenin amacı Türkiye’nin biyolojik çeşitliliğinin önemini ortaya koymak, biyolojik çeşitliliğin azalmasına neden olan biyo-kaçakçılığa Türkiye odaklı dikkat çekerek, Türkiye’de biyo-kaçakçılığın önlenmesine katkıda bulunmaktır. Dolayısıyla bu makalede biyo-kaçakçılık konusu Türkiye ölçeğinde değerlendirmiş, son yıllarda Türkiye’de kayıtlara geçen biyo-kaçakçılık olaylarını güncel örnekleri ile sunulmuş ve biyo-kaçakçılığı daha etkin bir biçimde önlemek için alınması gereken önlemler değerlendirilmiştir.

The study was aimed to improve the nutritional composition of nettle (Utrica dioica L.) having positive effects on animals by solid-state fermentation. Aspergillus niger was used as a inoculant in fermentation of nettle. Before and after fermentation, crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), crude fiber (CF), hemicellulose (HC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents of nettle were determined. The ash, NFE and HC content of nettle were increased by fermentation. However, A. niger decreased the CF and EE in nettle. The results showed that solid-state fermentation with A. niger can be used to improve the nutritional composition of nettle.

Plants need different macro and micro nutrient elements to grow and reproduce. Their malnutrition results in unhealthy growth. The soils of Naqadeh area, Iran are deficient in micronutrient elements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of micronutrients application on some qualitative and quantitative parameters of economically important monogerm sugar beet cv. Sonja. The plants were foliar sprayed with iron, boron, zinc, and manganese. The studied traits were potassium, sodium, nitrogen, extraction coefficient, sugar percent, recoverable sugar, alkalinity, molasses, root yield, and white sugar recovery yield. The effect of micronutrients was significant on all studied traits. The highest extraction coefficient of 89.31 was related to the foliar application of iron (Fe) and the highest recoverable sugar percent (16.91%) was obtained from Zn application. Also, the highest mean root yield (74.120 t ha-1) and white sugar yield (12.137 t ha-1) were noted after foliar treatments of boron (B) and Fe, respectively.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), based on the origin of Southeast Asia and Turkey, with a large growth area such as the Mediterranean and the Arab countries, is the most important plant belonging to family Lythraceae. Pomegranate peel and seed contain numerous and various bioflavonoid, which is indicated to be both antimicrobial and inhibitors of enzymes such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties of the pomegranate are related to phytochemicals such as delphinidin, cyanidin, pelargonidin, ellagic acid, punicalin, punicalagin, pedunculagin, and different glucosides, which involve anthocyanins. In this study, it was investigated that ethanol, methanol and distilled water extracts, obtained from Punica granatum L. antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria known as food pathogen by using disk diffusion method. Also, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values on seven different food borne pathogens were also determined. As a result of the research; pomegranate seed extracts obtained from methanol observed the highest antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a 29.02 mm zone diameter, while pomegranate peel extracts obtained from ethanol observed the highest antimicrobial effect against Bacillus cereus with a 26.84 mm zone diameter. The MIC and MBC value against Pseudomonas aeruginosa are determined 7.81 µg/L, while The MIC and MBC value against Bacillus cereus are determined 31.25 and 15.63 µg/L, respectively.