In recent years, agricultural machinery for precision agriculture has made extensive use of information and communication technologies. An Android-based module was developed in this study to allow the nozzles on the field sprayer booms to be opened and closed as a group. The developed module was tested on a 24 m working width field sprayer, controlling 48 pairs of nozzles in 4-8 groups based on GPS position data. For control, an electronic control unit and an application developed in the Android operating system were used. Wireless communication between the electronic control card and the developed software is provided via Bluetooth.  The module, which was created through laboratory and field trials, was successfully tested.

Tends on human nutrition change every day but legumes act significant role for nutrition over the World. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a member of Leguminosae family and originated from Asia. Chickpea is rich with protein, carbohydrate, lipid and minerals. It is also sufficient for Daily requirement by view of the essential amino acids – lysine, leucine and arginine. Chickpea is also source of soluble and insoluble fibers. The nutritional fibers have favorable effects on decreasing the time of food passing through intestine, accelerating of weight loss, decreasing of total and LDL cholesterol and balancing of blood sugar level. Sustainability of agriculture is essential for sustainability of life. From this perspective, chickpea is quite important due to various agronomic advantages that may be summarized by main ones are; able to grow as winter crop, lower water requirement, wide adaptation ability to climate and soil, a good alternative for crop rotation systems in addition to health care features. Present research is realized to evaluation of second crop growing facilities in Uşak/Turkey ecology by using 4 chickpea genotypes (Azkan, Hisar, Sarı-98, Yaşa-05) by 4 sowing time (18th June, 02nd July, 16th July, 30th July) by 3 replications. The following measurements were realized; days to emergence, days to flowering, days to harvest, height of plant, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, height of first pod, seed yield and weight of hundred seeds. According to the results Yaşa-05 chickpea genotype was determined as the most adaptable in addition to the Azkan chickpea genotype was also obtained as promising to growing as second crop. Deep and long term studies are needed to achievement of more consistent results and providing to sustainability of food security, improvement of soil, better usage of natural sources and contribute to national economy.

Soybean is a nutritious crop commonly used for food enrichment due to its rich nutritional content and valuable functional characteristics. Soy products and also soymilk are potential ingredients for substitution of milk powder in food products with respect to providing high nutritious quality, lowering production cost and being an alternative for vegan and vegetarian diets. In this study, soymilk powder and soy protein isolate were added to milk chocolate to obtain a functional food product. Some chemical, physical and functional properties of powder ingredients were determined. Soymilk powder was found to have 44.43 % protein, 18.14 % fat and 6.06 % ash content. According to the chemical analysis, inactivation of 99.1 % for LOX-1, 100 % for LOX-3 and 98.5 % for trypsin inhibitors was achieved by heat treatment of 98 °C for 20 minutes. Functionality of chocolates was evaluated in terms of total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. The results were significantly higher than the literature data. Considering all results in terms of functionality, it can be stated that soymilk powder and soy protein isolate can be added to milk chocolate in order to obtain a functional food product.

An efficient seed marketing system is very crucial for boosting vegetable production in Bangladesh. This study evaluated the vegetable seed marketing channels in Bangladesh including profit margins of various traders and different problems faced by them. Primary data from 45 vegetable farmers and 30 seed traders in Rajshahi district were collected by face-to-face interview. Descriptive and profitability analysis were employed, while problem confrontation index (PCI) was used to rank the problems. The findings revealed that vegetable seeds were traded through six major marketing channels. Private agents supply the majority of seeds where dealers, wholesalers, retailers and farmers were the key actors in the channels. However, rural market traders had the highest marketing margin and terminal market traders had the lowest. BCR for terminal market traders was 1.53 that is highest among the traders’ categories where BCR for rural market traders was lowest (1.36). Lack of bank loan facilities, inadequate capital, lack of separate market place, and lack of technical know-how were the major ranked problems faced by traders. The study recommends providing credit facilities to the traders, arranging a separated market place and proper training to increase technical knowledge.

As a result of climate change and the ozone layer spoilage, harmful rays of the sun such as UV reach the world more and harm agricultural production. To be protected from the harmful effects of UV, not only human beings, but all living organisms have developed different characteristics. In recent years, pigments with radiation absorbing and antioxidant properties have been used against UV damages. In this study, the effect of carotenoid pigments obtained from bacteria and fungi on the lettuce plant (Lettuce Yedikule 5701) was investigated due to its high antioxidant and UV protection properties. Pigment solutions partially purified from microorganisms were sprayed onto the plants. While an increase was detected in the amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the lettuce plant with the effect of UV, a decrease was observed in these parameters when applied with pigment solutions. With the same application, microbial pigments protected the plant against the harmful effects of UV by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and the amount of chlorophyll. As a result of this study; It has been determined that microbial pigments, which can be obtained easily and with low costs, have protection properties against the harmful effects of UV and provide the plants with properties to resist the stress.

In recent years, intensive legal regulations aimed at the production of urban areas in Türkiye, the phenomenon of migration, the spread of higher education, abnormal cost increases in agricultural activities have accelerated urbanization. Parallel to the increase in the urban population, the food supply remains insufficient. The inability to increase the production of food products brings with it problems such as malnutrition, inflation, foreign trade deficit, food security. The natural areas harbored by rural and urban areas are shrinking and being destroyed by the pressure of rapid urbanization. In addition to the abandonment of rural areas, the food crisis that has arisen as a result of the intervention of the urbanization process in agricultural areas has increased the responsibility of the central government and municipalities. In order to meet the food needs of the population and implement sustainable agricultural policies, municipalities are taking different and innovative approaches. Municipalities are making direct and indirect attempts to provide people with cheap and reliable food. In this study, the activities carried out by the municipalities in Türkiye to support sustainable agriculture and their economic and social effects were examined.

Fermented sausages are stable meat items typically prepared from comminuted mixtures of meat, spices, and salts and permitted to ripe under controlled conditions, where bacteria produce lactic acid quickly and reliably from added sugars in the form of dextrose. This study assessed the possibility of using fresh ripe plantain (FRP) in semi-dry fermented beef sausages. FRP was used at 0% (T0), 5% (T1) and 10% (T2). A fourth treatment with 0.5% dextrose without any FRP (T3) was produced. The products were evaluated for proximate compositions, pH, cooking loss as well as sensory attributes. No significant differences existed between T0, T1, T2 and T3 in terms of appearance, flavor, aftertaste and texture, however significant differences were recorded in tenderness, juiciness and acceptability. Cooking loss and water holding capacity ranged between 31.83 (T0) to 36.53 (T3) and 4.40 (T3) to 14.74 (T2) respectively. The pH recorded after 36 hours of fermentation ranged from 4.20 (T3) to 5.36 (T0). Using FRP resulted in appreciable decreases in costs of producing semi-dry fermented beef sausages from 20.50 to 16.46 Ghana Cedis per kg. It was concluded that fermented beef sausages could be made with 5% fresh ripe plantain without any adverse effects on consumer acceptability.

The research was conducted in the year of 2021-2022 in Burera and Musanze District in Northern province as well as Rubavu District in Western Province with the aim of assessing the yield loss in common beans due to anthracnose by using four cultivars with various levels of resistance in field conditions in environment of Northwestern of Rwanda. Randomized complete block design as experiment design was used in this study where each selected cultivar was grown and the yield loss caused by anthracnose was assessed. A level of significance of P<0.05 . In field trials, on the particularly susceptible cultivar Gikundiro 2 particulary showed the maximum harm in terms of incidence and severity in both infection circumstances. The severity of pod infection ranging from 3-9 (0-) resulted in reduction in quantity of seeds which contain a pod ranging from 10.52 % -57.76 % and the loss in weight of seeds per pods ranging from 21.93 % - 68.77 %, both demonstrated a direct impact on seed yield. However, determinate cultivars showed a greater drop in yield (58.5%) than indeterminate cultivars (10.52%) although both were sensitive, based on this research, anthracnose causes economic yield loss on variety Gikundiro 2 and Vuzimpundu.

The protein content in egg contributes effectively to the fulfilment of nutrients in daily life at an affordable price and acceptable organoleptic properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of anti-caking agent addition (maltodextrin and tricalcium phosphate) on the quality and functional properties of salted duck egg powder. Addition of 2% maltodextrin increased the moisture content in salted duck egg powders as much 36% compared to the control. 2% TCP incorporation decreased the moisture content up to 54%, could not maintain the emulsion stability, but it increased the emulsion activity. There were no significant differences (p < 0.05) on the parameter of foaming capacity and foaming stability. Anticaking agent maltodextrin and TCP did not affect the water holding capacity of all four salted duck eggs powder. However, maltodextrin addition slightly increased the oil holding capacity. Due to the functional properties of emulsification, foaming, water and oil binding, salted duck egg powders are potentially utilized for the complementary of a large number of food products with its characteristics of longer shelf life and specific flavor.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of adding different levels of red pepper oil to quail diets on performance, slaughtering characteristics, and some serum parameters. For this purpose, a total of 300-day-old and mixed-sex quail chicks were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups with 6 replications of 12 chicks each. Experimental animals were fed for 35 days with 5 different diets prepared by adding 0, 300, 600, 900 or 1200 mg/kg red pepper oil. During the experiment, quails were given ad-libitum feed and water. According to the results of the experiment, the effect of adding red pepper oil to the diet on the performance, carcass traits and visceral weights of the quails was statistically insignificant. Triglyceride and TAS concentrations of serum were significantly affected by the addition of red pepper oil to the diet. The highest triglyceride and TAS levels in the group with 300 mg/kg red pepper oil added; however, the lowest triglyceride and TAS levels were obtained in the groups supplemented with 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg red pepper oil, respectively. According to this study findings, it can be said that the addition of red pepper oil to the diet in growing quails has a positive effect on serum triglyceride and TAS values when used between 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg in the diet, without adverse effects on performance and carcass characteristics.