With the increase in the world population and the continuous development of technology, energy demands continue to increase. In general, the global energy needs are met by fossil sourced fuels. Depleting nature of fossil energy sources, their negative impacts on environment, increasing energy demands have led the efficient use of energy sources and the shift to local and renewable energy resources. Biogas is a renewable energy resource. Since organic wastes are used in biogas production, biogas offers a significant way of elimination of wastes and a source of energy. Animal wastes are the primary source of biogas. In this study, it is aimed to determine the biogas potential of Tokat province from animal wastes. Depending on this purpose, the amount of waste and biogas that can be obtained from animal waste and the energy potential that can be produced have been revealed by using the current data of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry. Energy equivalents of the biogas that can be obtained were also calculated. According to 2021 data, there are 303.952 cattle, 511.457 sheep and 247.333 poultry in Tokat province. Annually, 245.988 tons solid animal waste are obtained in Tokat province. In this study, conducted with the 2021 data of Tokat province, the amount of biogas that can be produced from animal wastes was calculated as 49 million m3/year. Districts with the greatest biogas potential are Merkez, Turhal and Zile respectively in 2021. The energy equivalent of biogas produced has been calculated as 292.000 MWh/year

In this study, alkali dietary fiber extraction method was evaluated to obtain soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from Trigonella-foenum graecum L. (fenugreek) seeds. The process conditions of alkali extraction method ensuring the highest total dietary fiber yield were investigated by response surface methodology. Furthermore, some physicochemical and functional properties of extracted soluble and insoluble dietary fiber from fenugreek seeds such as water retention capacity, oil adsorption capacity, swelling capacity, glucose adsorption index and α-amylase inhibition capacity were determined. Total dietary fiber yield was 78% at 52.50 g/L of sample: NaOH ratio and 1.01 M NaOH concentration as the optimum process conditions. Furthermore, insoluble dietary fiber gave better results than soluble dietary fiber when physicochemical and functional properties were compared.

The objective of this study was to compare predictive performances of four machine learning (ML) models: Support Vector Machines with Radial Basis Function Kernel (SVMR), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Random Forest (RF) and Model Average Neural Networks (MANN) to predict live weight from morphological measurements of Norduz sheep (n=93). Seven morphological measurements; chest girth (CG), chest width (CW), chest depth (CD), height at withers (HW), body length (BL), heigth at rump (HR) and rump width (RW) were used to predict live weigth (LW) of Norduz sheep. All morphological measurements were positively correlated to LW. Live weight had the highest correlation with CG and the lowest correlation with HR. Initially, highly correlated predictors were removed from the data set. The remaining predictors were then subjected to variable selection procedures using the Boruta algorithm. The results of Boruta confirmed the importance of the four predictors HW, BL, CW, and CD. However, HR confirmed to be unimportant was excluded from the dataset. The ML models were trained on selected predictors. The results showed that the prediction performance validated using the test dataset indicated that RF had the lowest values of Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE). The permutation-based variable importance scores indicate that CW and CD were the most important variables in predicting LW. The actual LW had the highest significant positive correlations with the values predicted by SVMR and RF, and followed by ANN and CART models respectively. There were no differences between the means of actual and predicted LWs by machine learning models. The fact that the models generalized well on the testing data sets indicates that machine learning algorithms have valid predictive patterns and are effective methods in LW weight of Norduz sheep. Considering runtime of the models, although the CART model had the lowest computational cost, it had the worst performance. The MANN algorithm, on the other hand, required a longer runtime to process the same dataset.

Bu çalışmada TR22 Bölgesi’nde 2017-18 üretim yılında bölgedeki yağlık zeytin üreten, işleyen ve aracı işletmeler incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda araştırma bölgesinde yağlık dane zeytin ve zeytinyağında yağhaneler, zeytinyağı fabrikaları, tüccarlar, perakendeciler, TARİŞ ve nihai tüketiciler pazarlama kanallarını oluşturduğu bulunmuştur. Yağlık dane zeytinin hasat sonrası işleme merkezlerinde yığılmalar sonucunda beklemesi, yağlık dane zeytin nakliyesinde çuval kullanımı, dip zeytinlerin dalından koparılanlarla karıştırılması ve hasatta sırık kullanımının etkinliği azaltan faktörler olarak bulunmuştur. Zeytin hamuru sıcaklığının optimum seviyenin üzerine çıkarılması, malaksör makinesinin kapağının yoğurma sırasında açılması ve üç fazlı ve klasik sistemlerin kullanılması sonucu karasu sorununun ortaya çıkmasının işleme hizmetinde pazarlama etkinliğini azaltan faktörler olduğu bulunmuştur. Aracıların yağlık dane zeytinde pazarlama marjı %1,64, zeytinyağında tüccarların %20,00, fabrikaların %14,06 ve perakendecilerin %22,58 marjı olduğu bulunmuştur. Perakende fiyatları içinde üretici fiyatlarının farkı ise zeytinyağında %51,16 olarak bulunmuştur.

Plastics are high demand raw material with applications in many industries due to their low costs and easily processable structures. Increasing plastic production in line with the high demand and inadequate waste management of plastic waste gives rise to accumulation of these wastes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It has been reported that microscopic size plastics (microplastics) (

The degradation of some pesticides (acetamiprid, boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and pyridaben) by Enterobacter cloacae (plant growth-promoting bacteria) was investigated in vitro. In this study, firstly the effective substances used initially did not have a negative effect on E. cloacae, and the bacteria showed the same growth as the control group in the nutrient agar medium. Secondly, application doses of pesticides were added to erlenmeyer with nutrient broth, and 1 ml of 1×109 cells/ml of E. cloacae solution was inoculated and incubated in a shaker at room temperature (24°C) for 7 days. After the nutrient broth medium was extracted, pesticides were measured by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). When the results were compared with the control group, there was no degradation in acetamiprid, but 98.9% in pyraclostrobin, 98.6% in boscalid, 94.1% in kresoxim-methyl, 73.5% in pyridaben and 57.3% in deltamethrin. It is thought that the results of this study and the information obtained on the degradation of boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and pyridaben will shed light on future studies.

Leonardite and compost are used as soil conditioner materials. Gyttja is a material which contains 30-40% lime and 40-50% organic matter with a reserve of approximately 4.8 billion tons in Afşin-Elbistan Thermal Power Plant basin. These materials are used in the production of organomineral (OMG) fertilizers. Zinc (Zn) is one of the micronutrients that plants need. Available Zn deficiency is observed in approximately 49% of Turkish soils. The aim of this study was to determine the Zn adsorption properties of gyttja, leonardite and compost used in OMG fertilizer production. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. In order to determine the optimum adsorption conditions, the effect of pH, particle size, temperature, shaking time and solution concentration were determined. Then, adsorption properties were determined using linear Langmuir isotherm under optimum conditions. According to Langmuir isotherm, the maximum sorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 14.10 mgg-1 for gyttja, 13.74 mgg-1 for leonardite and 15.67 mgg-1 for compost. In conclusion, Zn sorption values of gyttja, leonardite and compost were consistent with Langmuir and Freunlich isotherms. The maximum sorption capacity (qmax) of these materials is very close to each other. When these data are taken into consideration, it is seen that 1 kg of organic material can sorbed about 15 g Zn. It is useful to take these basic data into account in OMG fertilizer production and sustainable Zn fertilization.

Cuttlefish are members of the cephalopod class, that die en masse following a single breeding season (monocyclic spawning). In line with changes in environmental factors, they spent their lives in coastal areas at a depth range of 0-200 m. Although adults prefer deep areas before breeding season, they migrate to coastal areas again for breeding activity and die as a result of natural factors at the end of the breeding period. Knowledge of the life cycle and especially the reproduction phase of their life is crucial information to be able to sustainably exploit these species. Even though the coastline of Turkey, due to the variations of the environmental conditions, it's known that there are differences in reproductive characteristics among the subpopulations of the species.To determine the reproductive characteristics of the Antalya Bay subpopulation of the species, a total of 516 individuals (247 male and 269 female individuals) were examined. The mantle length of the examined individuals ranged between 45 – 177 mm. By using the morphologic characters 4 stages of sexual maturity could be observed for both sexes. Within the scope of our study, the relationship between height and weight, gonad development status (sexual maturity indices) and the number of eggs in female individuals with biometric characters were determined for the population in the sampling area.

Camels are known as "ship of the desert" and "beast of burden" and resistant to harsh climatic conditions. Their function has changed in the modern world and they have become a food source like other farm animal species. In the last 60 years, the number of camels, their meat and milk production in the world have increased 3.0, 4.95 and 5.0 times, respectively. In Türkiye, both Bactrian and dromedary camels are reared since F1 hybrid ♂ Tülü (Bactrian ♂ x dromedary ♀) perform better in camel wrestling, which is a unique culture of Anatolia. There are also a few farms aiming to produce camel milk and rearing young camels intensively in Türkiye. However, many practices such as calf rearing, insemination of cows, milking stimulation, milk preservation, milk quality control, milk collection and marketing and milk processing into the products are not as modern as in dairy cattle production. Although dairy camel farms in Türkiye have a higher milk production potential, since high milk prices lead to low demand for camel milk and there is only one camel milk processing facility to turn camel milk into products, farms produce far below their capacity. Processing camel milk into the products such as cheese, whey, yoghurt, pasteurized milk, kefir and ayran is still in its infancy. In conclusion, although the basis of camel rearing in Türkiye today is based on wrestling camel breeding, understanding of the benefits of camel milk on human health and the increase in demand for camel milk products suggest that this situation will change in favour of dairy camel breeding in the near future.

In developing countries, consumption habits have changed with the increase in population, the development of technology and industrialization. For this reason, good management of the increase in the amount of solid waste by municipalities is very important for the health and sustainability of nature. The location of the facility to be established is important for the regular storage and efficient disposal of solid wastes. Site selection of landfill facilities in the ‘Site Management and Operation Guide for Landfill Facilities’ published by the General Directorate of Environmental Management; The ratio of the volume to the area, the distance to the buildings, the wind direction, the external view (landscape), the effect on the traffic on the side, the profit from the finished facility, and the effect on the water are evaluated under the sub-headings. With the ‘Konya Solid Waste Management Project’, ‘Aslım Sanitary Landfill’, which was used until 2017, was closed. Instead, the ‘Konya Solid Waste Landfill Site’, which was established in a different region to meet the need, was put into operation. In the study to be carried out in this context; Both fields were evaluated according to the specified criteria and compared with each other using the Analytical Hierarchy Method. As a result, it is aimed that the success rate of the location selection of the new solid waste storage area will be revealed and it will be a base for similar studies to be done in the future.