The effects of raw and leached cocoa bean hulls were investigated as a fat replacer in pound cakes. This substitution was applied for raw (RCBH) and leached (LCBH) grinded cacao bean hulls/oil in the ratios of 30/70 (30%), 40/60 (40%) and 50/50 (50%). Chemical, physical and sensorial properties of raw and leached cocoa bean hulls were studied as well as fat substituted cakes. Ash, protein, total phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity decreased with leaching process. Crude fiber content increased in fat substituted cakes compared to control cake. RCBH cakes showed higher bioactive components than LCBH cakes because of raw cocoa bean hulls were higher phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activities than leached cocoa bean hulls. The results showed that 50% of vegetable oil replacement with raw cocoa bean hull in cake formulation significantly improved chemical, physical and sensory properties of fat substituted cakes.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the thought of food security provided in dairy products and the determinants in terms of manufacturers in South Marmara Region in Turkey. The primary data obtained from 70 dairy manufacturers were analysed by Factor Analysis and Logistic Regression Analysis. According to this, price fluctuation and increase in the distance from the place where the milk is provided, reasons such as corporatization are factors that cause the lack of food security in dairy products. On the contrary, the likelihood of providing food security in dairy products increases with the increase in financial sustainability, food safety, quantity of milk and dairy products, the ability to produce and store, the number of employees, the degree of milk use.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dam breed on lambs sired by Charollais rams and purebred Charollais lambs obtained via embryo transfer. Frozen Charollais semen and embryos, used to obtain crossbreed and purebred Charollais lambs, were imported from elite flock with pedigrees and progeny test in Canada.The study was conducted on the crossbred Charollais lambs born from Tushin, and Romanov F1 ewes (Romanov × Morkaraman), and Charollais lambs born from Awassi, Morkaraman and Tushin surrogate ewes. The data was collected on 61 lambs (23 Charollais: CH, 20 Tushin × Charollais: F1 CH and 18 Charollais × Romanov F1:COR) from birth to weaning. Average weights at birth for CH, F1 CH and COR lambs were 4.32 ± 0.18 kg, 4.17 ± 0.18 kg, 3.18 ± 0.19 kg and at the age of 60 days were 21.20 ± 1.07 kg, 20.94 ± 0.84 kg, 18.13 ± 0.91 kg, respectively. The genotype of dams significantly affected birth and weaning weights of crossbred lambs, but not average daily live weight gain (ADG). Litter size had constant significant effect on the traits evaluated. Survival rates of crossbred lambs from birth to weaning were affected by the dam genotype. Birth weights and survival rates of CH lambs born from embryo transfer were affected by recipient genotypes and Awassi ewes were found to be the best surrogate mothers.

Household level vulnerability analyses are becoming main issue in economics literature. Yet very few empirical works have been done to examine the extent of Eastern Ethiopia urban (Dira Dawa, Harar and Jigjiga towns) households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. This paper tried to fill the gap by using a survey that was conducted to collect information on household’s characteristics, socioeconomic status, shocks experience and responses to shocks during the year 2016. Unlike conventional studies of household vulnerability, this study calculates household’s probability of experiencing a broad and non-monetary characterization of poverty: the multidimensional poverty index using Structural Equation and Tobit model. The Structural Equation Model result revealed that, the health and education dimensions of multidimensional poverty significantly contributed a lot to households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Based on the Tobit model result households’ vulnerability to multidimensional poverty would be reduced if the household is wealthier, better educated healthier, employed and has the practice of reducing the size of meals at the time of shock. Contrary to this, if the household has large family size, prone to health problem, and has not developed the culture of reducing the number of meals per day, there is high risk of vulnerability to multidimensional poverty. Hence, the study recommended that there is a dire need for policies and programs that can improve wealth and education statuses of household members, create employment opportunity, promote family planning, improved health situation and accessibility of food for the vulnerable households.

Şubat 2015-Ocak 2016 tarihleri arasında aylık olarak Munzur Çayı’nda belirlenen iki istasyonda gerçekleştirilen çalışmada fitoplankton dağılımı ile fiziko-kimyasal parametreler belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği’ne göre suyun kalitesi, sıcaklık, pH, oksijen, amonyum nitrat I. Sınıf özelliği; nitrit ise II. Sınıf özelliği niteliğinde değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca II. İstasyon evsel atık sebebiyle organik kirlenme tehdidi altında olduğu belirlenmiş ve bu duruma markerleri olarak bölgedeki fitoplankton dağılımı incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar göstermiştir ki: Munzur Çayı’nda Chlorophyta (6), Bacillariophyta (54), Cyanobacteria (15), Rhodophyta (1), Ochrophyta (1), Euglenophyta (2), Charophyta (3), Miozoa (2) sınıflarına ait toplam 84 takson tespit edilmiştir. Fitoplanktonda organizma sayısı bakımından iki istasyon içinde Bacillariophyta divizyosunun dominant, Cyanobacteria ise subdominant olduğu gözlenmiştir. Fitoplanktonda Bacillariophyta’dan Ulnaria ulna, Nitzschia palea, Bacillaria paradoxa ,Encyonema sp., Navicula sp. ve Nitzschia acicularis türlerinin çoğunlukla bulunduğu; Cyanobacteria üyelerinden Lyngbya sp., Spirulina labyrinthiformis, Oscillatoria labyrinthiformis ve Oscillatoria mougeotii türlerinin ise önem açısından ikinci sırada yer aldığı raporlanmıştır. Chlorophyta, Charophyta ve Euglenophyta türleri ise önemli sayılara ulaşamamışlardır.

Demir, toprakta en çok bulunan elementlerden bir tanesi olmasına karşın çözünürlüğü alkali topraklarda düşüktür. Dolayısıyla bu tür topraklarda yetişen bitkiler sürekli demir eksikliği stresine maruz kalırlar. Dünyadaki tarım arazilerin üçte biri bu tür topraklardan oluştuğundan dolayı tedavi edilemeyen demir eksikliği tarımsal üretimi kısıtlar. Bitkilerde gözlenen demir eksikliğinin tedavisinde farklı demir gübreleri kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, bu gübrelerin kullanımı üretim maliyetlerini artırmaktadır. Maliyetlerin azaltılabilmesi için bitkilerin toprakta bulunan demiri en etkin biçimde kullanabilmeleri gerekir. Bunun için de ilk olarak bitkilerin topraktaki demiri nasıl kök içerisine aldıklarının incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Son otuz yılda yapılan çalışmalarda farklı bitki gruplarının 3 farklı demir alım mekanizması kullandıkları keşfedilmiştir. Bu derlemenin amacı, demirin kök içerisine alımından sorumlu taşıyıcılar ile bu taşıyıcılar hakkındaki güncel gelişmelerden bahsetmektir.

The Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are microorganisms that live symbiotically with plant roots and have many benefits to soil and plants. In this study, some effects of AMF which are known to be soil and plant beneficial, have been evaluated and solution proposals have been put forward against heavy metal and salinity stress in the soil. Salt accumulation and high concentrations of heavy metal in the soil affects negatively the microbial diversity and activity. Removal of salt acumulation and heavy metal from contaminated soil by chemical and physical methods is both very expensive and ineffective. Therefore, AMF are important for alleviating the heavy metal and salt stress in plants. AMF can alter plant physiol¬ogy and root morphology, increase the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil through an extensive hyphal network, decrease the use of chemical fertilizer, interact with other soil microorganisms plant growth promoting, induce of some resistance parameters in the plants and produce the glomalin which develops the properties and structure of soil. AMF are eco-friendly solutions according to traditional methods and the use of suitable plant-fungi combinations increases the chances of success of these applications.

Tokat is one of the developing provinces in terms of urbanism. Therefore, the land use changes city-wide which closely affects soil erosion. Numerical estimation of soil erosion is very important to prevent soil losses. In this study, USLE and WEPP Hillslope model were used to estimate the long-term soil losses in a slope area which used to be a pasture land and then turned into a fruit orchard in Büyükbeybağı area of Tokat province. Erosion sensitivity of the soil in the slope area was detected to be very low. Erosivity value of the area is low, soil is resistant to erosion due to pasture land use type and fruit orchard use type does not require intense soil cultivation practices. For all these reasons, both estimation technologies estimated soil losses of the land to be low.

The relationship between an individual’s actual knowledge and their self assessed knowledge about an issue is an important factor on consumer’s behaviour. The effect of the knowledge factor on consumer decision making is evaluated by two approaches which are objective (real knowledge) and subjective (self assessed) knowledge. In certain studies it was found that in some situations consumers believe they know more than they actually do about a topic; and they may make their decisions based upon the knowledge they assume is correct, whether it is true or not. This study aimed at determining the relationship between the objective and subjective knowledge about GM foods of consumers who live in the Hatay city centre. According to the research results; even though around 70% of the consumers thought that their knowledge about GM foods were ‘’enough, or relatively enough’’, correct response ratios of the four questions that were based on specific knowledge were quite low. In other words, consumers were overconfident about their knowledge of GM foods. Also, there was no correlation found between consumer’s purchase intention and knowledge level.

This study was carried out to detect the content of amino acid in female and male specimens of blue swimming crab (Portunus segnis) obtained from (including 12 male crab and also 12 female crab) North Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Turkey. The protein was identified as 17.63% and 18.13% for female and male crab respevtively. Totally 9 essential amino acids were recorded in the present study. Lysine and leucine constituted the highest essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations in P. segnis. This species was found to be in good score in terms of the level of EAA and the EAA/Non-EAA ratios when compared with other economical crab species.