Rosehip fruit, which is widely and naturally grown in many European countries as well as in Rosehip fruit, which is widely used in Turkey as well as in European countries and grows naturally, is a very rich species in terms of vitamin C value. Due to its benefits to human health, its consumption is increasing and its use in different forms is becoming widespread. In this study, the colour, effective diffusion-activation energy, phytochemical properties and thin-layer drying patterns of rosehip fruit of the ‘Yıldız’ variety were investigated after drying in a convective dryer at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70°C). In the study, it was determined that 70°C temperature was statistically more suitable in terms of measured and calculated colour values. It has been determined that the effective diffusion value is affected by the drying temperature and the increase in temperature also increases the effective diffusion value. It has been determined that the effective diffusion value varies between 1.35×10-7-5.92×10-6 m2/sec. The activation energy value of dried rosehip samples was calculated as 69,41 kJ/mol. When the chemical analysis values were examined, when the SÇKM, total phenolic, total antioxidant substance and vitamin C values were evaluated together, it was found that the most appropriate drying temperature was 70°C statistically. Among all drying models, Midilli-Küçük and Yağcıoğlu models (R2: 0.9999) estimated the drying data best.

This research was carried out to determine the feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in dairy cattle farms. The data used in the research were gathered from 141 dairy cattle farms in the Hatay province. According to the research results, the average forage crops production area size in the enterprises was 18.13 da, and the share of forage crops cultivation areas in the crop production pattern was determined as 31.07%. The average cattle stock was 11.02 heads, the number of dairy cattle was 4.87 heads, the milk yield per dairy cattle was 5.619 lt/head, and the milk income was calculated as 2.811 US$/head. The roughage consumption of a dairy cattle in the lactation period was 3,139.67 kg, the monetary value of the consumed roughage feed was 371.61 US$, the consumption of concentrated feed and crushed feed was 2958.90 kg, and the monetary value of the consumed concentrated feed was determined as 1118.57 US$. In the research area, the total expense amount was approximately 1.9 million US$. The proportional share of variable costs in the total cost was calculated as 64.26%, and the share of fixed costs was calculated as 35.74%. The proportional share of feed costs in variable costs was 80.56%. The research revealed that 1.90 liters of milk was obtained by the 1 kg of concentrate and crushed feed that was given to a dairy cow in the lactation period. Considering the average of the enterprises; for 100 US$ of feed consumption, the gross production value of dairy cattle was calculated as 236.02 US$, and the milk income was calculated as 195.72 US$. In the study it, was determined that there were statistical differences between the farm size groups in terms of milk yield and the amount of roughage and grain feed consumption. Within the research it was revealed that the feed needs of the enterprises should be provided by their own enterprise in order to achieve higher milk yield and income per animal.

In this study, powder was obtained from yellow and purple-fleshed potatoes by microwave and hot air drying and the effects of drying methods on the total phenolic compounds, total monomeric anthocyanin, color, antioxidant activity, starch ratio and vitamin C on were determined. It was observed that the microwave drying process caused an increase in bioactive components in purple-colored powder samples, and no significant differences were determined in terms of drying methods in bioactive components in yellow-colored powder samples. When the starch ratio of the samples was examined, it was determined that hot air drying caused a significant increase. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used as multivariate analysis to reveal the effects of different drying techniques and potato varieties on the physicochemical properties of potato powders. As a result, it was found that the physicochemical properties of potato powders differentiated depending on the methods and varieties.

Investigating the nutrient composition in soil textural constituent as influenced by land use is a necessity towards a good soil conservative and management measure. In view of this, a laboratory experiment was conducted; soil samples were collected from different locations within and outside the Federal University of Technology, Akure and analyzed for basic chemical elements. The soil sampling was based on land use and six different soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-15cm. These samples included bare soil (BS), waterlogged soil (WS), maize cultivated soil (MS), cassava cultivated soil (CS), cassava-maize intercrop (CM), and mixed cropping of cassava, maize and cowpea (MC). The waterlogged soil was cultivated to rice while the bare soil was not cultivated. The soil samples were air-dried and crushed after which fractionation was carried out using a three-layer sieve to separate the soil particles into different size of 2mm to 0.5mm (Sand), 0.5mm-0.05mm (Silt) and

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient and has important functions such as vision, growth, reproduction embryogenesis, cellular differentiation, and proliferation, immune function and epithelial protector in the organism. Biotechnological production of vitamins is increasing due to their advantages and significant advances. The vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene is extremely effective in binding oxygen and conducting it under hypoxic conditions. In this study, the production of vitamin A in E. herbicola (wild type) and its recombinant strains was investigated in LB medium and M9 medium (containing high concentrations (1%) of different carbon sources). The maximum production of vitamin A of the recombinant strain with the hemoglobin gene (vgb+) was observed in including glucose and sucrose M9 medium and their total product levels in vgb+ recombinant strain were 0.14 µg/ml and 0.1 µg/ml, respectively. The vitamin A production in the M9 medium with glucose and sucrose were 2-fold and 1.4- fold higher than that of the wild strain, respectively. The extracellular product level (0.07 µg/ml) in LB was 7-fold higher than wild strain at 48 h. These results reveal that the expression of VHb in E. herbicola in the both LB and M9 medium (containing 1% glucose and 1% sucrose, specially) increase the vitamin A production.

Mechanical properties provide information to design and develop suitable machines (equipment) for processing, transporting, and conveying chestnuts. Four chestnut cultivars that have not been studied before were investigated in the study carried out for this purpose. Some engineering properties of Macit 55, Akyüz, Ali Nihat, and Bouche de Betizac chestnut cultivars were determined and compared. The mechanical properties were determined by rupture force, rupture energy, deformation, and firmness values. The friction coefficients of chestnut varieties on a galvanized sheet, stainless steel, and rubber surfaces were investigated. Mechanical properties were determined using a Universal Testing Machine. The values obtained from the samples were obtained by compression between the parallel plate along the X, Y, and Z axes. For the static friction coefficient, while the galvanized sheet surface had the lowest value (0.145), the rubber surface had the highest value (0.212). For rupture forces, the force required to break the chestnut at the Z loading axis position (714.09 N) was higher than the required force at the Y loading axis position (396.35 N) of the fruit.

Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the National Potato Research Programme (NPRP), Lalitpur (1360 masl), Nepal, to determine the effect of crop geometry on the growth, yield, and quality of sweet potato genotypes. The experiment was laid out on sandy loam soil in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and comprised of a total of twelve treatment combinations of four crop geometry (60cm×25 cm, 60cm×30 cm, 70cm×25 cm, and 70cm×30 cm) and three genotypes (CIP 440015, CIP 440267 and Local White). Among the different crop geometries and genotypes evaluated, 70cm×30 cm plant spacing and Local White genotype were found statistically superior to enhance marketable tuberous root weight per plant (0.572 and 0.541 kg), tuberous root diameter (62.59 and 61.0 mm), shoot fresh weight (509 and 524 g), and tuberous root yield per plant (616 and 620 g). The genotype, Local White yielded higher among the genotypes. The reducing sugar content was influenced significantly by crop geometry and genotypes. The pooled mean showed the highest (15.48 and 17.26 %) reducing sugar in closer geometry 60 cm × 25 cm and Local White genotype respectively and the lowest (11.54 %) in the genotype CIP 440015. CIP genotypes, on the other hand, were high in ß carotene content, whereas the Local genotype had a negligible amount (0.35 mg/100g). On hectare level, our result showed that highest plant density of 66,666 plants ha-1 (60 cm × 25 cm) could give the highest yield per unit area due to greater crop biomass. Our findings suggest that crop geometry can have a considerable impact on sweet potato production. As a result, the geometry of sweet potatoes can be wide or narrow depending on our needs and the area available in our study area or a similar situation.

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an integrated approach that transforms the agri-food system and mitigates climate change. They connect the use of farming techniques in order to increase food productivity, Climate resilient practice, and decrease greenhouse gases. The main aim of this review is to demonstrate the typical interrelationship between climate and agriculture and get knowledge regarding this. In addition, focus on traditional agriculture along with its mitigating measures for climate agriculture. They approach collective development practices through the efforts of individuals in order to manage agriculture and the food system under climate change. Therefore, there is an increasing need for a strategic plan to balance agriculture and the food system.

This study was required to assess the existing tef market outlets and examine factors affecting market outlet choices among smallholder tef producers in western Ethiopia. For this study qualitative and quantitative data were collected from tef producers. Purposive and multi-stage sampling technique was used to determine sample households. The descriptive statistics and multivariate probit model were employed to analyze the collected data. The result shows that there are five alternative main market outlets available for the tef producers that are wholesalers, collectors, cooperatives, consumers, and retailers. These market outlets were affected by household’s demographic such as age, gender, education level, and household size), socio-economics (land allocated for tef, a variety used, livestock holding, and off/non-farm activities), institutional (credit, extension, and market information), and market (volume of tef produced, own transport facility, and nearest market) factors. Based on the findings strengthening farmers’ skills and knowledge through training, advising, and supervision; capacitate farmers by the additional work atmosphere and empowering women farmers by improved variety, working capital, and other recommendations are need attention by respective sectors.

Heavy metals are one of the factors that pollute the environment and significantly affect soil fertility, plant physiology, development, and productivity. The tolerance of plants to toxicity depends on the species and tissue, element type, and duration of exposure to stress. Some special signal molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), beneficial ions, hyperaccumulating plants, stress hormones, nanoparticles, organic compounds, and microbial applications can be recommended to alleviate the stress effects caused by toxic heavy metals in plants. Induction of other promising techniques like seed priming, active involvement of plant growth regulator, use of osmoprotectants, successful plant microbes’ crosstalk and recent utilization of nanoparticles are worth using strategies in mitigation of heavy metal stress in plants. These practices effectively regulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes for the alleviation of stress in plants, creditably improving the plant tolerance via preserving cell homeostasis and amending the adversative effects of heavy metal stress in plants. These inventive strategies offer an enriched understanding of how to boost crop productivity under heavy metal stress in order to decrease the risk to global food security.