The plants can only use the around 50% of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer. It has been observed that the dynamic fertigation applications help to improve the fertilizer effectiveness. In the dynamic fertigation approach, water and plant nutritional elements are calculated and determined according to the plant dry matter generation rate and root volume. Smart agriculture is an knowledge based decision making approach established upon quantification and observations of the changes in each level of production. With this system, saving can be provided by only supplying the plant’s daily need of water and fertilizer and preventing the excess irrigation and fertilizing, so yield increase can be achieved by keeping away the plants from the stress conditions. Agricultural production can be increased five times by irrigation but shortening in water sources and decrease in quality reasoned by fast growing are restricted of irrigation which is the main user of freshwater sources. Increasing the water and fertilizer effectiveness with the smart irrigation techniques which can save water and fertilization management applications are the essential strategies to be able to reach the yield increase in order to supply the growing food needs of developing population and help to minimize the environmental damage. In the study, the researches and applications related to smart irrigation and fertilization were tried to be included in a wide scope and tried to keep a light to obtain higher yield with less water and fertilizer use in agriculture.

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) Loudon, is a high value medicinal plant found in flora of Poonch part of Himalayan region. The present study was conducted to determine and compare the antioxidant activity, quantification of phenolics and flavonoids, chelating ability, biofilm inhibition, thrombolytic activity and cytotoxicity of the stem, leaves of crudes extracts and essential oil. It can be claimed that that all parts of C. deodara including its essential oil is a rich source of phytochemicals that exhibited high quantity of phenolics ranged from (49.76±0.22 GAE to 60.36±0.44GAE mg/g) and flavonoids ranged from (4.78±0.61mg/g to 6.62±0.45 mg/g)but also exhibited antioxidant, metal chelating agent ability, antibacterial potential ranged from (35.59±0.50 to 61.61±0.61%)and thrombolytic activities ranged from (22.86±0.7 to 32. 64±0.5 %)with minimal toxicity ranged from (0.40±0.35 to 3.73±0.23%). Further studies are required to determine the bioactive compounds and bioactivity of plant extracts and fractions.

The aim of this study was to isolate, purify and determine host ranges of bacteriophages infecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 from different environment such as river/stream water, sewage, raw food, animal troughs, wastewaters of food processing plants, slaughterhouse and fish farms. For screening of E. coli O157:H7 bacteriophages, 92 samples were used. It was found that in respect to anti-E. coli O157:H7 bacteriophages, food processing wastewaters, sewage and slaughterhouse wastewaters are the richest sources, and streams, troughs and fisheries wastewater are rich in the middle, and raw foods were the poorest source. A total of 37 phages were isolated and purified. The phages counts of the purified samples were changed among 30×103 - 34×108 PFU/mL. The isolated phages were generally infective against E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli strains and 81.08% of the phages (30 out of 37) formed clear plaques and were capable to lyse at least 1 out of 5 E. coli O157:H7 strains. In addition to E. coli, some phages were capable to infect some Salmonella enterica serovars. This results show that inhibitor spectra of the phages were wide.

In this study, the effects of Anatolian Black pine [(Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe] plantation on hydro-physical soil properties and soil loss were investigated. This study was carried out on the afforestation field of Anatolian Black Pine in the Gölbaşı district of Ankara province, which is included in the arid and semi-arid regions. Totally 48 soil sample in two soil depth level (0-20cm, 20-50cm) were collected from forest (36 soil sample) and barren (control) area (12 soil sample). Hydro-physically important soil properties were analysed [Sand (%), Silt (%), Clay (%), Organic Matter (%), pH, Field Capacity (%), Wilting Point (%), Saturation (%), Available Water Holding Capacity (cm/cm) Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity (cm/hr), Bulk Density (gr/cm3)]. And soil loss in a unit area by using ABAG (Allgemeine Boden Abtrags Gleichung) model was estimated. Soil properties and soil loss amount relations among the land use group were determined. Topsoil (0-20cm) and subsoil (20-50cm) properties except subsoil organic matter were significantly affected by land use group. Finally, Significant changes were found for annual soil loss amounts in a unit area. Avarage annual soil loss in planted area was found approximately 5.5 times less than barren area at 0-50 cm soil depth. Vegetation factor (C) which is one of the most important components of the soil loss equation, has been significantly affected by afforestation in a short period of 40 years and thus it was a variable to reduce to soil loss.

The study was achieved between May 2014 and April 2015 at the Karasu Creek located in the province of Sinop. It was conducted to determine anionic detergent pollution and some physicochemical properties (pH, temperature, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand, phosphate PO4-3, total nitrogen). The anionic detergent concentration of the stations was determined on a monthly basis. Seasonally averaged values of the anionic detergent was measured as the highest value in the autumn season. The lowest values of anionic detergent were found in stations in winter and spring. The increase in the concentration of anionic detergent is caused by population growth in residential areas, increased agricultural activities and rains, and that chemicals move to riverbed from terrestrial areas with rain water.

This study is performed to determine some of sperm quality after applying freezing / thawing process. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine different cryprotective agents with additives in terms of their effects at different pH on the cryopreservation process of longspine scraper (Capoeta trutta). The present study, twelve media were prepared by mixing three different cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, (CH3)2SO); methanol (CH3OH); methyl glycol (MG, CH3O (CH2)2OH)) with an extenders (glucose) at four different pH (7.2, 7.6, 8.0 and 8.4) for longspine scraper semen. Considering the findings from the examination (The motility rate after thawing process and duration of motility obtained in DMSO as 81% and 20 min, in methanol as 73% and 12 min, in methyl glycol as 60% and 15 min.), we can conclude that the DMSO is the best freezing media in order to create new essays in cryopreservation for sperm of Capoeta trutta in the future.

Turkey, which is among the major gene centers of the world and has a special place in plant genetic diversity. However, many plant genetic resources, including geophytes, are under genetic erosion because of the environmental and other problems and therefore face with the danger of extinction. Lilium ciliatum is endemic to North East Anatolia. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Natural Resources) Red List Category of this species is Endangered (EN). Lilium ciliatum naturally grown in Zigana pass, Bayburt, Trabzon, Bulancak, Giresun and Gümüşhane is endangered and major threats of L. ciliatum are road construction and human disturbance related to ecotourism and recreation. It was reported that Lilium carniolicum naturally grown in Turkey is endangered although it isn’t in the IUCN Red List. Distribution areas of L. carniolicum are Trabzon, Rize, Artvin and it is also endemic to North East Anatolia. These species have high potential for use as ornamental plants with their colorful big flowers. In addition, the bulbs of these species are also used in the cosmetic industry and medicine. These are the main properties that increase the importance of L. ciliatum and L. carniolicum species. Therefore it is very important to protect the habitats of these species, ensure the continuity of their generations. The disappearance of these endemic species from our country means to disappear from the world. This review has been given in order to give some information about the endangered Lilium species of Turkey and conservation actions on these species in Turkey flora and take attention to the issue.

To investigate some interesting functional properties of Bacillus spp. in cocoa fermentation processing, 702 strains of Bacillus sp. strains were isolated from six main Ivorian cocoa producer regions. Three mains technological and useful properties for good cocoa beans fermentation were monitored. Among the 386 pectinolytic Bacillus spp. strains, 86.79% of them were confirmed for enzymes production in liquid medium. These 335 pectinolytic Bacillus strains displayed variety of pectinolytic activity with 50.45% of them producing both pectinase and polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes. Among these 169 strains, 70% displayed both the ability to acidify the medium and to degrade the citrate. In mimic conditions of pH and temperature variations as for fermentation heap, 11 strains were able to maintain their activity ranged within 2.12 ± 0.02 to 0.41 ± 0.03 µmol/min/mg of proteins for PG and 2.36 ± 0.03 to 0.25 ± 0.03 µmol/min/mg of proteins for pectinase. Two species (T10T2 and T6HS10) identified as Bacillus subtilus and Bacillus thuringiensis, were selected as the best based on pectinase production level. They were able to continuously produce both pectinolytic enzymes in different conditions of organic acids and ethanol contents. The highlighted properties in this study and the performance of these two strains may make them best candidate as starters for cocoa fermentation control.

Bazı nane türlerinin (Mentha piperita, Menta spicata ve Mentha longifolia) tarımsal özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan bu çalışma, 2016-2017 yıllarında Ordu Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi deneme alanında, “Şansa Bağlı Parseller Deneme Planına” göre üç tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada bitki boyu, taze herba verimi, drog herba verimi, taze yaprak verimi ve drog yaprak verimi, uçucu yağ verimi ve uçucu yağ oranı gibi özellikler incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın birinci yılında M. piperita ve M. spicata’da iki, M. longifolia’ da dört biçim; araştırmanın ikinci yılında M. piperita’ da bir, M. spicata’da iki, M. longifolia’ da dört biçim yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, bitki boyu bakımından türler arasında sadece ilk yıl birinci biçimde fark belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın birinci yılında Mentha piperita’da toplam taze herba verimi 2.442,73 kg/da, toplam drog herba verimi 585,70 kg/da, toplam taze yaprak verimi 1.120,67 kg/da, toplam drog yaprak verimi 266,87 kg/da, toplam uçucu yağ verimi 6,40 lt/da olarak tespit edilmiştir. İkinci yıl ise Mentha spicata türü toplam taze herba verimi (920,37 kg/da), toplam drog herba verimi (247,93 kg/da), toplam taze yaprak verimi (502,5 kg/da) ve toplam drog yaprak verimi (149,93 kg/da) bakımından öne çıkmıştır. M. longifolia türü toplam uçucu yağ verimi bakımından 2017 araştırma yılında 3,47 lt/da ile diğer türlerin önüne geçmiş, toplam uçucu yağ oranı yönünden ise her iki araştırma yılında da (3,48 lt/da ve 3,19 lt/da) ilk sırada yer almıştır.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, yurt dışından elde edilmiş olan 53 ıspanak (Spinacia oleracea L.) aksesyonunun flow sitometri ile ploidi düzeylerini belirlemektir. Araştırma verilerine göre; ıspanak aksesyonlarının çekirdek DNA içerikleri arasındaki farklılıkların istatistiki olarak önemli olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan ıspanak aksesyonlarının ortalama çekirdek DNA içeriği 2,225 pg/2C (Esfenaj çeşidi) ile 2,059 pg/2C (Matador ve Godir çeşitleri) arasında değişmiştir. Kök ucu meristem dokuları kullanılarak yapılan kromozom sayımlarında analiz edilen tüm bitkilerin 2n=12 kromozoma sahip oldukları ve dolayısıyla diploid oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle çalışmada kullanılan aksesyonların tamamının diploid olduğu kabul edilmiştir. 2C DNA içeriklerine göre yapılan kümeleme analizi sonuçlarına göre iki ana küme altında sekiz farklı kümenin oluştuğu görülmüştür. Aksesyonların kümelenmesi çoklu karşılaştırma testinde de benzer sonucu vermiştir. Ispanak aksesyonlarında ploidi seviyelerini belirlemeye yönelik olarak yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda çalışmaya konu olan 53 ıspanak aksesyonu ile ileride yapılacak ıslah çalışmalarında araştırmacılara önemli bir zaman, enerji ve emek tasarrufu sağlayacaktır.