In this study, it was aimed to determine the concentrations of some elements in sediment along depht profile in core collected at the Lake Hazar (Elazıg) and to compared the results according to recent geological periods. For this purpose, the levels of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), barium (Ba), uranium (U), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), lanthanum (La) and beryllium (Be) on every 5 cm of the piston core samples taken as part of a TUBİTAK project (No: 111Y045) from Lake Hazar were detected. The lowest concentrations of Ba, Hg, La, Ti and U were found (111 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 4.4 ppm, 1190 ppm and 0.6 ppm respectively) at 81-83 cm in depth. It was determined that it belonged to 10 000 B.P. and to Holocene Period (10.5 thousand B.P.). The highest concentrations of As, Ba, Hg, Sn, La, Mo, Ti and U were found different depth in the core in Lake Hazar. The highest concentrations of Hg in the core were detected between 4-6 cm that this depth was determined corresponds to present day. The highest levels of As and Ba found that it belonged to Pre-Glacial Period/ Late Pleistocene Period (10.5 thousand B.P.). The highest concentration of other elements (Sn, La, Mo and Ti) determined that it belonged to Last Glacial Maximum Period/Late Pleistocene Period (between 23-16 thousand B.P.). The geological structure of the basin where the lake ecosystem is located, biological and hydrological processes, climatic and anthropogenic factors can be cited as the reasons for these differences.

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR), considered as goat plague is the most fatal infectious viral disease for small ruminants. This disease is endemic in many parts of the world including Bangladesh causes extensive loss on livestock and economy. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of PPR and this is the first meta-analysis on PPR as per authors knowledge in Bangladesh. Articles published during the years 2000 to 2019 on the topic PPR within three electronic databases were used for prevalence estimation by random effect meta-analysis model. A total of 39 articles were finally included in the model for prevalence estimation of goat and sheep. 1589784 goat and 142036 sheep were included in the study for analysis. Analysis showed prevalence of PPR was 15.17% (95% CI: 15.11-15.22) and 9.17% (95% CI: 9.02-9.32), respectively for goat and sheep. As PPR is affecting small ruminants in variable percentage in different districts of Bangladesh, this study estimates the cumulative prevalence of Bangladesh. This study may act as a baseline for taking effective control strategy of PPR in Bangladesh through proper allocation of resources on a priority basis.

Dairy desserts, which have an important place in Turkish cuisine, are mild, more digestible and have high nutritional value than dough and syrup desserts. In recent years, studies for developing these products have increased due to the increase in consumer demand for low and zero fat products for many different reasons such as nutrition, health and weight control. However, the reduction of fat in food products often leads to undesirable changes in the structural properties of foods, which affects consumer preference. Fat in the formulation of such products, affects the appearance, texture, mouthfeel, and especially flavor. To eliminate the problems associated with the reduction of fat content in foods, whey protein-pectin complexes, λ-carrageenan, κ-carrageenan, short and long chain inulin mixtures, starch substitutes are generally used. Changes in fat content of dairy desserts with the use of substitutes affect color, rheology, texture, sensory perception, aroma release and perception. Milk fat content is effective on sensory detection, in vivo flavor and flavor release in semi-solid dairy desserts. The milk fat content (whole-fat, low-fat or non-fat) used in the production of dairy dessert affects the rheological and sensory properties of the product, the taste intensity perceived in the mouth, flavor release, flow behavior, flavor and viscoelastic properties. According to the reviewed literature, in dairy desserts with reduced fat content, the thickener type and concentration (starch, κ-carrageenan, carboxymethyl cellulose) have been determined to cause perceptible changes in the product’s color, flavor and texture, and may alter the physical and structural properties of the product. In this review, it was aimed to examine the aroma release and rheological properties of dairy desserts with reduced fat content by using fat substitutes.

This paper studied the effect of livestock support policies applied in Turkey by a emprical study. The study was carried out based on the analysis of the data collected through surveys with a total of 478 livestock enterprises in the TR83 region (including Amasya, Çorum, Samsun and Tokat provinces). The enterprises included in the survey study were grouped into three categories by the number of their animals. Binary Logistic Regression Model was applied in order to define the policy-based support payment utilization probabilities of the enterprises and the factors affecting them. It was determined that approximately 45% of the enterprises cannot utilize livestock supports. The most utilized support items by the enterprises were determined as calf support, support per animal, forage plant support and raw milk support. A total of 65% of the enterprise owners think that the support amount per animal is insufficient, but regard the mentioned support item as the most important factor for improving animal presence. The utilization rates vary in terms of enterprise scales on the other hand. The support utilization likelihood of medium-scale enterprises is 3.1 times higher than small-scale enterprises, and this likelihood is 1.7 times higher for big-scale enterprises when compared with medium-scale enterprises. The study recommends that some regulations are needed in support of policies to enable a better improvement in animal presence and a homogenous distribution of support payments.

Reports have indicated that lipid peroxidation is a key factor in soybean daddawa deterioration and Alliums are rich in antioxidants. The present study was carried out to investigate the preservative abilities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Onion (Allium cepa L) on stored soybean daddawa compared with Sodium Chloride treated samples. Soybean (Glycine max (L). Merr.) seeds fermented into soybean daddawa was preserved with both extracts (at 3, 5 and 7% concentration) and NaCl (at the concentrations of 0, 3 and 5%). The samples stored at 30±2°C for up to 14 days were analyzed for peroxide value (POV), free fatty acid (FFA), pH, titratable acidity (TTA), water absorption capacity (WAC) and fat absorption capacity (FAC). Type of solvent used in extraction did not have significant effect on all the storage indices. Extracts of Onion significantly lowered the POV, FFA and TTA generated in stored soybean daddawa. The pH of stored soybean daddawa samples treated with the NaCl and aqueous extract was not significantly affected while the ethanolic extract significantly reduced the pH from 8.26 – 8.34 to 5.72 – 5.89. The tested extracts lowered the WAC significantly while the FAC of treated soybean daddawa was not significantly affected compared to those treated with NaCl. Results of this study indicate that both extracts of Onion are more effective in lowering peroxidation in stored soybean daddawa and thus could be exploited for soybean daddawa preservation.

The belief that ancient wheat is more beneficial than common wheat has been growing trend in recent years among the consumers. The present study aims to compare bioactive peptide, allergen peptide and toxic peptide generation after gastrointestinal digestion of modern wheat (Triticum aestivum) and ancient wheat, einkorn (Triticum monococcum var. monococcum), using in silico tools. The primary sequences of both kinds of wheat were obtained from BIOPEP-UWM and UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot database. In silico digestion was applied using BIOPEP-UWM online tool. For the simulation of gastrointestinal digestion pepsin (pH 1.3) (EC 3.4.23.1), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) were selected and analyzed. Homology analysis was performed for each protein sequences using EMBOSS Needle program. Toxic and allergen peptides were predicted using ToxinPred online tool and Allergen FP v.1.0. The results showed that einkorn and common wheat proteins exhibited similar properties including high similarity rate (58.72-87.40%) indicating the percentage of matches between the two sequences and the identical bioactivities for peptides generated after digestion. Most of the bioactive peptides were dipeptides and the majority of them displayed more than one bioactivities including ACE inhibitory, DPP IV inhibitory or antioxidant activity, etc. Allergen peptides generated after in silico digestion were found to be similar for both kinds of wheat. In silico gastric digestion of einkorn and wheat caused toxic peptides production, but they were disappeared after in silico intestinal digestion. In conclusion, although there is a perception related to the Einkorn that is healthier than common wheat, in silico digestion of common wheat and einkorn did not support this perception.

In this study, the genetic and non-genetic parameters were estimated for growth traits of Karacabey merino sheep. Growth performance data refer to 1863 lambs born between 2016 and 2018. Analyses were carried out by restricted maximum likelihood fitting animal models and disregarding or including maternal genetic or maternal permanent environmental effect. Six different animal model were fitted for all traits, and the most suitable model for each trait was chosen after Akaike information criterion test (AIC). Year of birth, age of dam, type of birth and lamb sex were significant sources of variation on birth weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), Kleiber ratio (KR), weaning weight (WW) and six month weight (6MW). Direct heritability (h^2) for BW, ADG and 6MW were 0.12, 0.02 and 0.04, respectively, however, for KR and WW were 0.00 model 6 (which the best). The estimates of maternal heritability (m^2) for ADG, KR and WW were 0.12, 0.04 and 0.04, respectively in model 5, also maternal heritability were low for BW and 6MW. Maternal permanent environmental effects (c^2) have high contribution to the explanation growth traits and were estimated between 0.19 and 0.75 for these traits. These results showed that selecting for improved maternal and/or direct effects for Karacabey merino in the herd would generate very slow genetic improvement in growth traits.

This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of organic liquid fertilizer applications on grain yield, yield characteristics and some quality trait of wheat in different periods in organic agriculture trial area. The trial was conducted in four replications according to a split-plot design in randomized blocks in trial area of the vocational Akçakale high school during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 growing season. Şölen 2002 and Edessa wheat varieties and organic liquid fertilizer and barnyard manure were used as materials in the research. Organic liquid fertilizer was applied in five different periods such as control, tillering, beginning of the bolting, the end of the bolting and the hearing, provided that the dose remained the same. According to the results of the research, the highest values were obtained in the end of the bolting of Şölen-2002 variety in terms of grain yield and yield components (spike length, spikelet number, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, plant height, hectoliter weight and thousand kernel weight). According to the results of two years, the highest grain yield (530.43 kg/da-1) was obtained in the end of the bolting application of Şölen-2002 variety. Since the first year of the study was warmer and more drought than the second year, While the yield and yield components decreased, the quality characteristics (protein and dry gluten ratio) increased. Due to the temperatures, Edessa variety had higher protein and dry gluten ratios than Şölen-2002 variety.