Antep fıstığı (Pistacia vera L.) son yıllarda Akdeniz ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde giderek artan oranda bitki deseni içerisinde yer almaya başlayan bir bitki türüdür. Toprak ve çevre faktörleri bakımından bor (B) noksanlığının yaygın olabileceği bu bölgelerde bitkilerin özellikle B noksanlığına duyarlı Antep fıstığının B ile beslenme düzeyinin belirlenmesi oldukça önemlidir. Bu noktadan hareketle bu araştırma kapsamında büyüme dönemi olarak karagöz patlamasının %20 ve meyvenin mercimek büyüklüğü döneminde olduğu iki farklı dönemde yapraktan artan dozlarda B (%0; %0,2; %0,4; %0,6 ve %0,8) uygulamasının Antep fıstığı bitkisinin yeşil aksam B konsantrasyonu ve besin elementleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, bahçe koşullarında iki Antep fıstığı çeşidinin (Uzun ve Kırmızı) yetiştirildiği üretim alanlarındaki deneme tesadüf blokları deneme planına göre yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda bitki çeşitlerinin ve uygulanan gübre dozlarının, B konsantrasyonuna önemli düzeyde etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bitki çeşitlerine göre tüm B uygulamaları altında B konsantrasyonunun Uzun çeşidine (%8,3) göre Kırmızı (%21) çeşidinde daha yüksek olduğu, ortalama B konsantrasyonunun Kırmızı çeşidinde 200,3 mg kg-1 iken, Uzun çeşidinde ise 176,3 mg kg-1 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Artan dozlarda B uygulaması ile bitkinin yeşil aksamındaki B konsantrasyonunun arttığı, bu artışların (%36,8) kontrole göre sadece %0,6 B doz uygulamasında istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bor uygulamasının analizi yapılan makro (N, K) ve mikro (Zn, Fe, Mn) element konsantrasyonları üzerinde ise istatistiksel olarak önemli sayılabilecek bir etkisi saptanmamıştır.

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined effects of apricot kernel oil (Prunus armeniaca L.) on the immune mechanisms. After Fish weight 40 ±0,03 g was intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 1% and 10% apricot kernel oil (AKO), blood was taken from the caudal vein of anesthetized (50 ppm, benzocaine) fish. Myeloperoxidase production (MPO), Serum bactericidal activity, protein levels, Lysozyme response (LYS) and total immunoglobulin (Ig) were determined on days 3, 7, 14 and 21. The same strategy was conducted on a control bunch. No contrasts were found within the levels of immunuglobulin between the control and test groups. However, there were considerable increases in bactericidal activity, MPO, LYS, protein levels and important differences were detected between the control and experimental groups. AKO can be utilized to improve the resistant instruments of rainbow trout.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of evening primrose oil (EPO) on some biochemical parameters on nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin (GM) in rats. The rats used in the study were randomly divided into 4 groups each consisting of 8 rats. The control group, EPO group, GM group and GM+ EPO group. The blood samples were taken 24 hours after the 8-day trial and kidneys were removed and saved for histopathological and PGE2 analysis. The serum creatinine, BUN, calcitriol, Ca, Na, Cl, K and P analyzes were performed via autoanalyser. PGE2 analysis was performed in kidney tissue via ELISA. Histopathological examination of the kidney tissues was performed. The levels of creatinine, BUN and Cl were significantly decreased and PGE2 and Ca increased in GM + EPO compared to GM group. The changes in the biochemical parameters examined and the histopathological findings obtained, it can be said that the EPO weakens the nephrotoxic damage caused by GM and has the protective effects on the kidney.

Potential outputs of irrigation should be put forth to improve the yields in agricultural practices. Available water resources should efficiently be used to improve yields and inputs should be minimized. Performance assessment of irrigation schemes is an importance issue for improved yields and to take relevant measured. Statistical methods are used for performance assessment of irrigation schemes with the use of various indicators. Forecasts for future performance of irrigation shames will facilitate the steps to be taken by decision-makers to improve performance. In this study, time series – ARIMA method was used to forecast future performance of Bergama irrigation scheme for 2017-2021 period. The indicator values of annual irrigation water supply per unit command area, output per unit command area and total expenditure per unit command area for 2006-2017 period were used to estimate performance indicators for 2017-2021 period. In 2021, at 95% probability, the lowest annual irrigation water supply per unit-command area was calculated as 4365.10 m3 ha-1 and the highest as 16835.69 m3 ha-1; the lowest output per unit command area was calculated as -5076.10 € ha-1 and the highest as 10401.2 € ha-1; the lowest total expenditure per unit command area was calculated as -2200.41 € ha-1 and the highest as 1866.31 € ha-1. Present forecasts of time series -ARIMA method with the use of data of 2006-2016 period revealed that annual irrigation water supply per unit-command area and output per unit command area will increase and total expenditure per unit command area will decrease in years.

The aim of this study is to determine the stable isotope ratios of anchovy caught in the Black Sea and Marmara Sea. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) of European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) were estimated at four sampling sites (İğneada, İstanbul, Trabzon and Hopa) in the Black Sea and Marmara Sea (Turkey). δ13C and δ15N values of European anchovy ranged from -22.31 to -19.19 ‰ and from 3.81 to 12.79 ‰, while C/N ratios ranged from 2.01 to 6.21 in muscle tissue of European anchovy, respectively. İğneada station had more depleted δ13C values and more enriched δ15N values than other stations. This difference might be due to the terrestrial input and agricultural activities in this region.

Understanding the fire-prone arid-zone pine species and maquis vegetation's response to fire is very important to reveal the ecology and evolution of these species. During the succession of vegetation, there are complex relationships between allelopathic metabolites and fires. Many plant communities such as pines, maquis, savannas and woodlands are known to play a critical role in the development of succession. However, studies revealing the relationship between succession processes and allelopathic mechanisms in fire-prone ecosystems are quite limited. Most evergreen maquis vegetations are one of the most studied fire ecosystems. In maquis vegetation, fire causes the formation of plant communities that continue with allelochemicals produced by plants, as well as shaping the climate of the region. The event of a living species inhibiting another species by secreting toxic compounds is expressed as allelopathy. These toxic compounds are generally referred to as allelochemicals. Many maquis species that grow in fire-prone ecosystems excrete their allelochemicals, preventing the development of herbaceous species around them and invade their habitats. These chemicals, which accumulate in the soil during the dry season, affect the succession processes in vegetation in the event of a fire and determine which species will follow each other. Considering these relationships, it can be said that allelopathic plants have the potential to change plant diversity in vegetation by changing their functional plant characteristics. The purpose of this review is to determine the relationship between allelochemicals and fire of plant species in fire-prone ecosystems, and to reveal how this affects the succession processes.

Bu çalışmada tüketicilerin gıda ürünleri satın alınırken sahip oldukları sosyo-ekonomik ve demografik nitelikler ile çevre farkındalığı ve bilinç düzeyi arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra tüketicilerin çevre dostu gıda ürünlerine güveninde etkili olan faktörler incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın verileri Tekirdağ ili Süleymanpaşa ilçesinde 171 kişi ile yapılan anketlerden elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin değerlendirmesinde frekans dağılımlarından, ki-kare ve faktör analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarında, tüketicilerin genel tüketim alışkanlıklarında çevre dostu olma düzeylerinin yaş, eğitim, 10 yaş altı çocuğa sahip olma, aylık gelir düzeyi, aylık gıda harcaması düzeyine göre farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Yaşı, 36 yaş üstü tüketicilerin diğer tüketicilere oranla çevresel duyarlılığı daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Benzer şekilde, lisans ve üstü eğitim düzeyine sahip tüketicilerin lisans altı eğitime sahip kişilerden daha çevre dostu olduğu görülmüştür. Diğer yandan, çevre dostu ve insan sağlığına duyarlı üretim yöntemleri ile üretilen gıda ürünlerine tüketicilerin güven düzeyine etki eden 11 değişkene faktör analizi uygulanmıştır. 11 Değişken, “Yasal düzenlemeler ve tutundurma çabaları”, “Sertifikalar ve etiket bilgileri” ve “Ürünün bilinirliği” olarak 3 faktör altında toplanmıştır. Bu açıdan değerlendirildiğinde çevre dostu gıda ürünlerinin tüketici nezdindeki güvenirliğinin artırılmasında yasal düzenlemelerin yanı sıra sertifikaların ve etiket bilgilerinin oldukça önemli olduğu ortaya konmuştur. Bununla birlikte günümüzde gıda ürünleri pazarında tüketici odaklı çalışmalarda tüketicilerin çevresel tutumlarının da dikkate alınması gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır.

White and red cocoyam starches were physically modified by heat moisture treatment at 16, 24 and 32 % moisture levels. The functional and pasting properties of the modified and native starches were evaluated using standard methods. The swelling power at 60oC, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, least gelation concentration, packed bulk density and loose bulk density of heat moisture treated white and red cocoyam starches ranged between 1.90 - 2.18 and 1.89 – 2.21; 1.00 – 1.80 ml/g and 0.80 – 1.60 ml/g; 1.40 – 1.80 ml/g and 1.20 – 1.40 ml/g; 8.00 – 10.00% and 8.00 – 10.00%; 0.51 – 0.62 g/ml and 0.54 – 0.64 g/ml; 0.41 – 0.51 g/ml and 0.43 – 0.53 g/ml respectively. For both white and red cocoyam starches, heat moisture treated starches at 16% moisture content level had the highest swelling power in the temperature range 60oC to 90oC; also starches treated at 32% moisture level had the highest water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, packed bulk density and loose bulk density. Red cocoyam native starch had higher peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosity than white cocoyam starch. Heat moisture treatment generally increased the pasting properties of white cocoyam starch. The modification of red cocoyam starch at moisture levels of 16% and 24% reduced the pasting properties, however at higher moisture level, the pasting properties increased. These results suggest that moisture level of cocoyam starches influence their physicochemical properties during heat moisture modification; this will increase the array of food products in which the starches can be used.

Drinking water is the most indispensable substance for humans. Bottled drinking waters are preferred over tap water with the belief that they are more nutritious, better quality, more delicious and safe in terms of health. Therefore, the Turkish bottled (spring and mineral) water market has experienced a continuous growth since 2003, as in the whole world. This study focuses on comparing the common mineral cation calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and sodium (Na+) content of twenty one popular bottled spring and mineral water brands marketed in Turkey by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The average concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na analyzed in bottled spring and mineral water samples were found as 14.9, 24.1 and 8.2 mg/L and 147.9, 44.3 and 117.3 mg/L, respectively. This comparison confirms that bottled natural mineral water has better quality in terms of major nutrient minerals than bottled natural spring waters.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hemp seed oil replaced soybean oil as an energy supply on growth performance parameters, carcass yield, liver weight, breast meat pH, and meat color values in quails. A total of 100 one-day old quail chicks were reared in two treatment groups for 5 weeks. The experimental diets were formulated as to contain 4.4% crude soybean(control) and hemp seed oils. According to the results of the present study, crude hemp seed oil replaced soybean oil in the diet was effective on finishing body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weight gain and carcass yield. All of these parameters were lower than the soybean oil (control) group. Liver weight, and breast meat color values (L*, a*, and b*) have shown similarities between experimental groups. The breast meat pH value decreased significantly in the hemp seed oil treatment group compared to soybean oil group. Using hemp seed oil instead of soybean oil used in quail diets negatively affects performance parameters (except for feed conversion ratio).