The amount of secondary metabolites can be increased with different elicitor applications in vitro. It has been determined that zinc sulphate significantly increases the amount of capsaicin in the cell culture of red hot pepper. It is important to determine how the metal applied as elicitor will have an effect on plant metabolism. In the study, it was aimed to determine the effects of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) applied to the cell suspension cultures of pepper seeds at different concentrations (0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.4 M) and for periods (24, 48, 72 hours) on the total protein and phenolic substance amounts, and superoxide dismutase-peroxidase enzyme activities of pepper calluses. It was observed that the amount of protein increased, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activities decreased, and the total amount of phenolic substance increased especially in 72 hours of treatment where zinc was applied as elicitor. These results show that ZnSO4 can be used as an abiotic elicitor in plant cell culture media.

Milking is a source of change in milk yield and milk quality determination, and one of the main events of milking is the oxytocin-mediated ejection reflex. Complete ejection of milk from the udder is due to the presence of high oxytocin during milking. The aim of this study is to investigate whether oxytocin administered intramuscularly has an effect on increasing milk ejection. In the study, 28 clinically healthy lactation Holstein cows were used, the lactation numbers and lactation periods of these cows were ignored in the evaluation. The study groups are divided into four groups, each consisting of seven cows. 50 IU oxytocin was given to group-1 five days before milking in the morning and evening, group-2 received 50 IU oxytocin once a day just before milking and the group-3 was given 50 IU oxytocin once before morning milking on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days and the group-4 is a control group, oxytocin was not given to this group. Oxytocin injection was administered intramuscularly 30 minutes before milking. In the evaluation, the last five days of milk data before the application, five days of milk data during the application period and five days of milk data after the application period were taken into consideration. As a result of the study, we can say that the udder was not completely emptied with the intramuscular administration of oxytocin.

2018 yılı verilerine göre Çanakkale ili Türkiye kanola üretiminde %7,5’lik pay ile 5. sırada yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, araştırma alanı olarak belirlenen Çanakkale ilinde, 2018 yılında kanola üreten ve Tam Sayım Yöntemine göre tespit edilen 83 işletmeden elde edilen veriler yardımıyla, kanola üretiminde kullanılan girdilerin miktar ve parasal değer bakımından işletme büyüklük grupları arasında farklılık olup olmadığının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre; birim alana kullanılan girdilerin bedelleri arasında sadece ilaç girdisinin işletme büyüklük gruplarına göre %5 düzeyinde, birim alana kullanılan girdi miktarı dikkate alındığında sadece makine işgücü isteği değerinin işletme büyüklük grupları arasında %5 düzeyinde istatistiki yönden farklılık gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları incelenen işletmelerde girdi kullanımı açısından, işletme grupları arasında istatistiki yönden önemli bir fark bulunmadığını, bu durumun da kanola üretim teknolojisindeki benzerlik yanında büyük işletmelerin ölçek ekonomisinin pozitif yönlerinden faydalanamadığını göstermektedir. Bu nedenle orta ve uzun vadede genelde tarımsal üretimde özelde ise kanola üretiminde işletmelerin üretim düzeyleri dikkate alınarak farklı araçlarla ve değişik yöntemlerle desteklenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

In the food industry, using of new preservation and processing technologies, which may be an alternative to traditional methods, is becoming increasingly important. These novel and particularly non-thermal techniques have very important advantages such as enhancing food safety, reducing quality losses, and increasing production efficiency. One of these new technologies, Pulsed electric field (PEF) technique, stands out as a novel method that has been emphasized in recent years. It is used for different purposes in both liquid and solid foods, also various studies are carried out for the optimization. On the other hand, recently, there are several studies using PEF technique in meats and seafoods for the preservation purposes, as well as other positive effects (improving the functional properties of the product, accelerating processes such as drying, curing and freezing). In this regard, detailed information about the purposes for which PEF technique can be used in meats and seafoods has been tried to be given in this comprehensive review study.

In this study, the average drying times of the Frigos, Bilensoy, Nimet and Prosementi alfalfa varieties were determined by drying in a convective dryer (50, 60 and 70°C) and in the open (sun). In addition, the most suitable thin layer drying models were determined, which are important in controlling the drying processes and developing new product-specific dryers. In drying processes, the moisture content of the product was dried up to 10% compared to the wet base. The first moisture contents of the specified varieties according to the wet base are respectively; 76.20, 75.88, 76.13 and 75.07%. In drying processes, it was determined that drying method and temperatures changed average drying times. The longest drying times were determined in the Frigos variety, which was laid in the sun and dried. When the Frigos variety was dried in the oven at 50, 60 and 70°C, the average drying times were determined as 11, 10 and 6 hours. Time-dependent moisture ratios were determined, processed in thin layer drying models and the mathematical model that best predicts drying curves was determined. While creating curves, Page, Midilli, Yağcıoğlu models were used. While acceptable reliability values were found as in all models, among the models, the highest stability value (R2) was found by Midilli was found in equality.

Liquid chemical fertilizers are widely used in modern agriculture. The pH values of these fertilizers are important in terms of their effectiveness in the field application and their effect on the soil-water pH balance. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the pH and other properties of liquid fertilizers with fast, practical and inexpensive methods. With the advancing technology, pH value has been started to measure more accurately and efficiently with the help of low-cost devices. In this study, a low-cost pH meter was developed using a low-cost pH sensor, an Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller board, and a software written in the C/C++ programming language. The developed pH meter was used to measure the pH values of liquid chemical fertilizers. Close variations were observed between the values obtained from it and the values measured by an accredited, laboratory-type pH meter. According to the pH measurements of the two pH meters, R2 ranged 88.1% to 99.3%, average error range 0.14 to 0.28, and average error percentage ranged 1.56% to 6.81% for three different types of liquid fertilizers. In light of these results, it was shown that the developed low-cost pH meter can be useful for practical pH measurement applications.

In Hatay region, production of dairy products whose raw material is known as yogurt is important to increase the durability of yogurt. These products are produced in small-scale enterprises and offered for sale in local markets, and in some enterprises are produced industrially. It is also made by the local people for their own consumption. Dairy products made from yogurt in and around Hatay; Concentrated (torba) Yogurt, Salted Yogurt, Duberke, Labne (labna modavara, junkie, labna mıdabale), Çökelek, Antakya Sürk (Antakya Çökelek) which have geographically indicated, Yogurt Cheese and Butter made from yogurt (yayık butter). In this study, production technology, general characteristics and studies related to the subject of dairy products made from yoghurt were given.

Field experiment was conducted in three factorial strip split plot design to evaluate the effect of two establishment methods (EM) i.e. transplanted in puddled soil (Pu-TPR) and direct seeded in zero tillage (ZT-DSR), two residue levels i.e. residue kept at 3 t ha -1 (RK) and no residue (RR) with two nitrogen doses i.e. recommended dose (100 kg N ha -1) (RD) and farmers' dose (50 kg N ha-1) (FD) with six replications with individual plot size of 5.4 m × 6.3 m on rice variety Ram-Dhan during the year 2016. Nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiencies and yield of rice were recorded. Straw nitrogen uptake was significantly higher in ZT-DSR than Pu-TPR. Similarly, grain straw and total nitrogen uptake were significantly higher in residue applied and recommended dose of nitrogen than no-residue applied and farmers-nitrogen dose treatments respectively. Nitrogen efficiency ratio and physiological efficiency index were significantly higher in Pu-TPR and no-residue applied treatments while partial factor productivity was higher in residue applied treatment. All nitrogen use efficiencies like partial factor productivity, nitrogen efficiency ratio and physiological efficiency index were significantly influenced by nitrogen dose and seen higher in recommended dose of nitrogen. Establishment methods had no significant effect on grain yield but straw yield was significantly higher in ZT-DSR but harvest index was seen higher in Pu-TPR. Grain yield and straw yield were significantly higher in residue applied treatment and recommended nitrogen but harvest index was higher in farmers-nitrogen dose.

In order to gain competitive advantage in national and international markets through globalization, make the competition sustainable, produce products with advanced technologies and innovative activities and make a flexible production in line with changing demand make firms and / or sectors advantageous in global competition. This study aimed at analyzing a competitive analysis of fruit sector through the Diamond Model developed by Michael Eugene Porter in order to demonstrate national and sectoral competitiveness. For this purpose, the current situation of fruit sector, which is an important economic activity in Isparta, was put forward and analyzed its competition level was discussed. The necessary data for the Diamond Model were gathered through face-to-face surveys with 47 large fruit producers and in-depth interviews with the representatives of other related sectors. Although the fruit sector and related sectors have been located close to natural resources and inputs in the neighbourhood in Isparta, an ordinary agglomeration has emerged but it could not be clustered because collaboration culture has not been developed in the sector and intersectoral. This fact decreases the regional competition chance of the sector. However, existence of an easy and continuously communication among all actors in the sector, state supports to sectoral cooperation / organizations, and actors who are compulsory for benefiting these supports in the region should be considered important advantages for a clustering and increasing regional competitiveness power of fruit sector.

Just because of geographical spread, citrus species generally grow in places sensitive to salinity. Testing methods have a significant role in breeding and cultivar development programs. This study was conducted to investigate in vitro salt response of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Tan.), sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.), Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana Tan & Pasq.), Carrizo citrange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. X Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.) rootstocks at different NaCl concentrations. Seeds were germinated in MS medium with 0, 45, 90 and 135 mM NaCl concentrations. In general, the greatest germination rates in all salt concentrations in Volkamer lemon and sour orange rootstocks and the lowest values were observed in rough lemon and trifoliate orange rootstocks. Present findings revealed that in vitro conditions could reliably be used in salt tolerance tests of citrus rootstocks.