The aims of this study were i) to evaluate the seasonal changes in births of Anatolian buffaloes, ii) to examine the changes of some milk [lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation length (LL)] and fertility [first calving age (FCA) and calving interval (CI)] according to seasons and iii) to investigate the effects of seasons on the growth traits of calves [birth weight (BW0), live weight at 6 mo (LW6) and live weight at 12 mo (LW12)]. A total of 8614 to 15605 yield records were evaluated including milk yield and fertility traits of buffalo cows and growth traits of calves between 2012 and 2023. The mean temperature, relative humidity, the duration of sunshine, and temperature humidity index (THI) values were calculated for these years. While the highest birth rate was observed in the summer season (34.27%), the lowest birth rate was determined in the winter season (11.99%). The BW0, LW6 and LW12, LMY, LL, FCA, and CI values of the calves were determined as 30.8±0.04 kg, 107.6±0.23 kg, 172.6±0.27 kg, 994.7±2.05 kg, 262.6±0.22 d 1175.5±3.46 d and 561.7±1.84 d, respectively. Except for CI, all characteristics were significantly affected by seasonal changes (P<0.001). The growth traits of the calves born in autumn were higher than the other seasons. The LMY values in spring and winter were higher than those determined in the different seasons. Also, the highest FCA was obtained in heifers born in the winter. It was concluded that the season could affect both some fertility and milk yield characteristics of buffalo cows and the growth performance of calves.

Bu çalışmada, hıyarda fide kalitesi üzerine paklobutrazolun farklı uygulamalarının etkisi araştırılmıştır. Denemede paklobutrazolun 30, 40, 50 ve 60 ppm dozları 2 faklı miktarda (0,5-1,0 ml) ve 2 farklı şekilde uygulanmıştır. Birinci uygulama kotiledon yaprakları yere paralel olduğu dönemde yapılmış ve sonrasında herhangi bir uygulama yapılmamıştır (1+0). İkinci uygulama kotiledon yaprakları yere paralel olduğu dönemde ve ilk gerçek yapraklar 0,5 cm çapa ulaştığında olmak üzere iki sefer (1+1) yapılmıştır. Kontrol parsellerinde bitkilere saf su verilmiştir. Fidelerin gübrelenmesinde Hoagland besin solüsyonu modifiye edilerek kullanılmıştır. Fide yetiştirme dönemi boyunca çözeltinin pH’sı 6,3±2’ye ayarlanmıştır. Tohum ekiminden 35 gün sonra hıyar fidelerinin yetiştiriciliği tamamlanmış ve fidelerde gözlemler yapılmıştır. Çalışmada fide boyu (cm), gövde uzunluğu (cm), gövde çapı (mm), yaprak sayısı, fide yaş ağırlığı (g), fide kuru ağırlığı (g), kök yaş ağırlığı (g) ve kök kuru ağırlığı (g) incelenmiştir. Paklobutrazol uygulamaları fide boyu ve gövde uzunluğunda önemli düzeyde kısalmaya neden olmuştur. Paklobutrazol miktarı arttıkça fide boyu ve gövde uzunluğundaki azalış devam etmiştir. Denemede 30 ve 40 ppm paklobutrazolun fide başına 0,5 ml ve 1+1 şeklinde verilmesi en etkili sonuç olarak belirlenmiştir. Paklobutrazol uygulamaları ile gövde çapı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Benzer şekilde uygulamalar ile yaprak sayısı arasında da bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, paklobutrazolun fide kalitesini önemli düzeyde artırırken, uygulama şekli, uygulama dozu ve miktarına bağlı olarak fide kalitesinde önemli gerilemeler de meydana gelmektedir.

The global population is increasing at a rapid pace, posing significant challenges to sustainable development and food security. This review paper examines the advantages and challenges of organic farming as a potential solution to address the pressing issues in modern agriculture and food production. Organic farming offers a range of benefits, including improved soil fertility, higher profitability, reduced external input usage, land reclamation, improved market access, and enhanced farmer capacity and self-reliance. Organic farming practices prioritize environmental sustainability by reducing chemical usage and reliance on biological methods of pest control, as well as enhancing biodiversity, which strengthens ecological balance and resilience against pests and diseases. However, organic farming also faces challenges that need to be addressed for its widespread adoption. These challenges include uncertainty surrounding legislative environments, psychological and sociological costs of conversion, financial risks during the transition period, securing marketing channels for organic produce, and diminishing profit margins. Efforts should be made to provide farmers with the necessary support, including technical assistance, subsidies, and access to markets, to overcome these challenges. Despite the challenges, the potential of organic farming in promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring a secure food system cannot be overlooked. It offers a natural and environmentally friendly approach to food production, prioritizing the health of both humans and the ecosystem.

It is critical that Bangladesh faces water scarcity during the dry season, affecting lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) yield and some yield components during seedling and flowering stages. Thus, a two-factorial pot experiments (The experiment comprises Factor A: three fertilization levels i.e. F1 = Control [inorganic], F2 = poultry litter-based compost [20 ton/ha], F3 = poultry litter-based compost [30 ton/ha]; Factor B: two irrigation levels such as W1 = 100% field capacity [FC] and W2 = 70% FC) were designed at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, from November 2018 to April 2019. And it was investigated how the poultry litter-based composts affected the morpho-physiology, yield and yield components of the lentil (BARI Masur-4) variety under different irrigation stress levels. Obtained results revealed that the tallest plant (30.7 cm at 75 DAS) and maximum branch number per plant (14.1 at 65 DAS), leaf chlorophyll a (0.30 mg/g), highest RLWC (70.28%), lowest proline content (1.57 µ moles g-1 FW), maximum number of pods per plant (39.4 at 75 DAS) and total grain yield (3.62 kg/m2) were recorded from compost F3 (poultry litter-based compost 30 tons/ha) with W1 (100% FC). Results also showed that the yield contributing attributes and yield of lentils were drastically reduced by water stress conditions with different rates of fertilization. In drought conditions (W2 = 70% FC), F3 (30 ton/ha poultry litter-based compost) fertilization produced the highest plant height (30.20 cm at 75 DAS), number of branches (11.5 at 65 DAS), stem dry weight (0.35 g), lowest proline (3.88 µ moles g-1 FW), highest pod number per plant (33.1), weight of 100-seed (2.36 g), total grain weight (2.77 kg/m2), harvest index (58.84%) compared to other fertilizations (F1 and F2). In summary, F3 (30 tons), a compost made from poultry litter, provides better soil conditions under drought conditions compared to F1 and F2 in the year of 2018-19 at the 0 and 20 tons/ha, respectively under the field conditions.

In this study, a new bitter chocolate with functional properties was produced by using different tempering temperatures with different ratios of wolfberry addition and physicochemical, antioxidant, textural and sensory properties of these chocolates were determined. It was observed that fruit ratios on bitter chocolate had a statistically significant (P<0.01) effect on DPPH, ABTS and hardness values, while there was no significant effect on total flavonoid amounts. It was determined that tempering temperature had a significant effect (P<0.01) on pH, reducing sugar, sucrose, total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH, ABTS, total flavonoids (TFC) and hardness values, while it had no significant effect on total dry matter and total sugar values. The rich total phenolic and antioxidant content of the added wolfberry fruit and its substitution for sugar improved the functional properties of the chocolate. As a result of the study, it was possible to introduce a value-added functional product with wolfberry additive to the market, thus pioneering the production of new products as well as the fresh use of the fruit.

Radish is a widely cultivated root crop susceptible to chemicals for its growth and development. The experiment was conducted to study the effect of different sources of organic fertilizers on growth and yield parameters in the Tokinashi variety of radish. The experiment was laid out using one factorial completely randomized block design with six treatments replicated four times. Vermicompost, goat manure, chemical fertilizers (NPK), poultry manure, farmyard manure and control were the applied treatments. Various growth and yield parameters of radish were measured and assessed at 15-day intervals. Various growth and yield parameters of radish were measured and assessed at 15-day intervals. Growth parameters were observed at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after sowing. For yield parameters, destructive samples were taken and observed at 30 DAS and 45 DAS and harvested at 60 DAS. The assessments of plant growth and yield parameters showed that poultry manure (PM) treatments were superior. At the time of harvesting, the treatment comprising poultry manure had considerably greater plant height (30.55 cm), leaf length (29.44cm), leaf breadth (10.78cm), leaf number per plant (9.23), root diameter (10.33cm) and root length (20.16cm) with superior yield per ha (33.59 mt ha-1). Poultry manure significantly enhanced root yield and was positively correlated with all growth parameters. The highest benefit-cost (B: C) ratio was recorded in chemical fertilizer (3.99), which was statistically at par with poultry manure (3.81), suggesting that poultry manure might potentially replace chemical fertilizers for the Tokinashi variety of radish cultivation.

In the present study, some microbial, chemical, and physicochemical characteristics occurring during ripening were observed in unpackaged and vacuum-packed Kashar cheese samples. Some microbial and chemical properties of Kashar cheese samples were studied Also, the free fatty acid ratio was determined with the SDS-Page Electrophoresis to determine proteolysis during the ripening period and with the High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) for lipolysis. Physical, chemical, and microbiological analyzes were made at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 days of ripening during which the changes in the number of microbiologically total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., yeast-mold, lipolytic, and proteolytic bacteria were determined. In the present study, % lactic acid, pH, dry matter percentage, color parameters (L, a and b values) and water activity (aw) were analyzed during ripening and the changes during storage were defined. Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., TAMB, and proteolytic bacteria counts and % lactic acid ratios were higher in vacuum-packed Kashar cheeses. It was found that lipolysis and proteolysis were higher in cheese samples stored open during ripening.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Antalya ilinde sahipli kedi ve köpeklerdeki kene ve pire türlerinin yaygınlığını ortaya koymaktır. Kasım 2021 ile Ağustos 2022 tarihleri arasında, Antalya şehri sınırları içinde muayene için özel bir veteriner kliniğine getirilen sahipli 25 kedi ve 38 köpek, kene ve pire varlığı açısından incelendi. Köpeklerin ve kedilerin tüyleri pire tarağı ile taranarak toplanan pireler %70 alkol içeren şişelere toplandı. Kene türleri, ağız parçalarına zarar vermeden uçları küt olan küçük çelik pensler yardımıyla köpek ve kedilerin başlarından kuyruklarına doğru sistematik olarak toplandı. İlgili literatürler kullanılarak pireler ve keneler teşhis edildikten sonra fotoğrafları çekildi. Muayenesi yapılan 38 köpeğin 11 (%28,9)’inin Rhipicephalus sanguineus türü kene ile 3 (%7,9)’ünün R. sanguineus ve Ctenocephalides canis ile, toplamda %36,84 oranında enfeste olduğu tespit edildi. Toplam 25 kedinin 6 (%24)’sının Ctenocephalides felis türü pire ile, 2 (%8)’sinin C. felis ve R. sanguineus ile, toplamda %32 oranında enfeste olduğu görüldü. Pireler ve keneler sadece kedi ve köpekler değil aynı zamanda diğer hayvan ve insanlara birçok hastalığın taşınmasında rol oynadıkları için önemlidirler. Halk sağlığı açısından kedi ve köpeklerdeki ektoparaziter durum gözlenmeli ve kontrol altına alınmalıdır.

Klasik Hünkâri güvercini, Türkiye’nin en önemli süs ve sergi güvercini ırklarından biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Hünkâri ırkını tanıtmak ve morfolojik özelliklerini incelemektir. 100 bireyde vücut uzunluğu, gaga uzunluğu, kanat açıklığı, tarsus, orta parmak uzunluğu, göğüs genişliği, kuyruk uzunluğu ölçülmüş, canlı ağırlık belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyetler arasındaki morfometrik farkların istatistiksel analizi için, ölçüm verilerine Bağımsız Örnekler t sınaması kapsamında Varyansların Eşitliği İçin Levene F sınaması ve Ortalamaların Eşitliği İçin Student t sınaması uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca Hünkâri yetiştiricileri ile yapılan görüşmelerde bu kuşlarda aranan morfolojik özelliklere ilişkin notlar alınmıştır. Klasik Hünkâri güvercinleri, küçük yapılı güvercin ırklarındandır. Dişi ve erkek Hünkâri bireylerinin gagalarının uzunluk ölçümleri dışındaki ölçülen niceliklerinin varyanslarında istatistiksel açıdan önemli bir fark belirlenmemiştir. Öte yandan vücut uzunluğu, kanat açıklığı, göğüs genişliği, kuyruk (telek) uzunluğu ve ergin canlı ağırlıklarının ortalamaları bakımından dişilerin değerleri erkeklere göre istatistiksel açıdan daha düşüktür (P≤0,05). Hünkârinin başının arkasındaki iğne tepesi ve orta boyla kısa arası gagası, göğsündeki gösterişli gül (fırfır) ve oldukça gür paçalı ayakları, tipik özelliklerindendir. Uluslararası literatürde beyaz gövdeye kanat ve kuyruk işlemeli olanlar satinette olarak bilinir; gövde işlemelilerine ise blondinette denir. Hünkâri güvercinleri hem tarihsel ve kültürel önemleri hem de günümüzde güvercin hobisini yapan kişileri renk, desen ve tipleri ile adeta büyülemeleri nedeniyle ve gelecek kuşakların da bu hayvanlardan hobi amaçlı olarak yararlanabilmeleri için korunup yaşatılmalıdır.

As the organic agriculture sector grows, the need for standards, inspection, and certification systems to ensure trust in organic products increases. Organic agriculture revolves around standards that determine the practices that farmers must follow. These standards also create a plan for inspection and certification systems. These systems are the cornerstone of ensuring reliability in the organic agriculture sector. This study has been prepared to evaluate the inspection and certification systems within the framework of the sense of trust, which is a critical issue in the organic agriculture sector from farm to fork. The focus of this framework is to ensure that inspection and certification systems keep the principles of organic agriculture intact from farm to fork. This is because these systems are necessary to build trust, access markets, increase consumer confidence and support fair and ethical practices in the sector. However, it is suggested that areas such as facilitating accessible inspection and certification for small-scale farmers, improving consumer education and promoting cooperation for global standards should be studied as potential areas.