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Phytoplasma: Transmission, Disease Development and Functional Genomics Полный текст
2022
Zehra Mezreli
In recent years the number of phytoplasma diseases that negatively affect yield and quality of many plants has been increasing around the world. As is known grafting, plant propagation materials (seed, bulb, tuber), parasitic plants and insect vectors play active role in the spread of phytoplasmas causing these diseases. These organasim which get through plate in the sieve tube element and systemically colonize the plant, it invade and multiply salivary glands, midgut, heomocel, brain and fat tissue after sucking up insect body with stylet. Subsequently they continue the cycle by moving to a new plant with a diseased insect feeding on a healthy plant. Although the existence of functional genomics in this cycle is known, there is little information about transmission of phytoplasma from vector to host plant or from host plant to vector, the mechanism of disease caused by phytoplasma in the plant and genomics involved in different reactions in the host plant against phytoplasmal infection.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Determination of Biogas Potential from Animal Waste in Tokat Province Полный текст
2022
Burcu Aksüt | Samet Kaya Dursun | Gazanfer Ergüneş
With the increase in the world population and the continuous development of technology, energy demands continue to increase. In general, the global energy needs are met by fossil sourced fuels. Depleting nature of fossil energy sources, their negative impacts on environment, increasing energy demands have led the efficient use of energy sources and the shift to local and renewable energy resources. Biogas is a renewable energy resource. Since organic wastes are used in biogas production, biogas offers a significant way of elimination of wastes and a source of energy. Animal wastes are the primary source of biogas. In this study, it is aimed to determine the biogas potential of Tokat province from animal wastes. Depending on this purpose, the amount of waste and biogas that can be obtained from animal waste and the energy potential that can be produced have been revealed by using the current data of the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry. Energy equivalents of the biogas that can be obtained were also calculated. According to 2021 data, there are 303.952 cattle, 511.457 sheep and 247.333 poultry in Tokat province. Annually, 245.988 tons solid animal waste are obtained in Tokat province. In this study, conducted with the 2021 data of Tokat province, the amount of biogas that can be produced from animal wastes was calculated as 49 million m3/year. Districts with the greatest biogas potential are Merkez, Turhal and Zile respectively in 2021. The energy equivalent of biogas produced has been calculated as 292.000 MWh/year
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. Leaves and Berries Oilcake Extracts Полный текст
2022
Azzedine Mazari | Louisa Abdoun | Nessrine Dif | Zineb Fedjer | Aicha Blama | Amokrane Mahdeb
As a part of prospecting bioactive molecules from natural resources, the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of extracts of leaves and berries oilcake of Pistacia lentiscus L., collected from two sites (Mechat and Bordj-Ali) in the northeast region of Algeria, were investigated. Dried leaves and berries oilcake obtained after removing the oily part by mean of Soxhlet apparatus were macerated in methanol in order to recover their respective active extracts. The phytochemical content analysis showed that lentisk leaves of both sites were relatively rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, flavonols and proanthocyanidins. The phytochemical content of berries oilcake extract was lower than that of leaves, yet, samples of Bordj-Ali displayed higher values for all assayed phytochemicals compared to those of Mechat. The P. lentiscus leaves extract exhibited a strong radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 10.46 µg/mL) against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and a substantial inhibitory activity against H2O2 free radicals (20.23 - 25.92%). Furthermore, these extracts displayed a very strong reducing power (EC50 = 28.08 µg/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (104.07 - 159.39 mg EAA/g DW). The observed results correlated positively with total phytochemical content strongly plead in favor of valorization of this wild plant as a potential natural source of active biomolecules for food, cosmetics, and medicinal industry sectors.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation of Wheat Producing Farmers; the Case of Çorum Province-Türkiye Полный текст
2022
Güngör Karakaş
Global climate change, the effect of which has been increasingly felt in the last ten years, has made itself felt more in many regions in Turkey, especially in 2020 and 2021, and a serious temperature increase, floods and forest fires have been seen. Climate change affects the most vulnerable agricultural production. Since the adaptation of farmers to climate change is important in terms of food prices and sustainability of agricultural production, it is important to identify the barriers to adaptation of farmers to climate change. The aim of this research is to investigate the barriers to the adaptation to climate change of wheat producing farmers in Çorum province, where wheat is produced on 37% of the total agricultural land. In order to achieve this aim, 424 farmers were interviewed and their climate change 'understanding', 'perceptions', 'attitudes' and climate change adaptation 'barriers' were examined. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the farmers perceive climate change as "drying of water resources" and “increase in drought”, and they have an attitude that "we should strive together to adapt to the changing climate" rather than an individual struggle. In addition to these, it has been determined that “climate change is perceived as a serious problem” by the farmers and as a result of all these, the lack of “access to water resources” is the most important obstacle in adapting to climate change. In order to accelerate the adaptation of farmers to climate change, to protect them against the negative effects of climate change and to make local adaptation strategic plans, politicians, non-governmental organizations, public, private sector, universities, national and international organizations have important duties.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Ruminantlarda Metan Salınımı, Azaltma Stratejileri ve Ölçüm Yöntemleri Полный текст
2022
Özlem Boran | Uğur Serbester
Hayvancılık sektörü, antropojenik sera gazı emisyonlarına katkıda bulunarak iklim değişikliğinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle ruminant hayvanlarının üretim sistemlerinde sera gazı salınımının azaltılmasına yönelik çalışmalar küresel çapta büyük ilgi görmektedir. Metan gazı selüloz, hemiselüloz, pektin ve nişasta gibi hidrolize olmuş karbonhidratların rumende mikrobiyal fermantasyona uğraması sonucunda oluşmaktadır. Ruminantlar küresel sera gazı emisyonlarının yaklaşık %16’sına, küresel antropojenik metan emisyonlarının da %33’üne katkıda bulunmaktadır. Atmosferdeki metanın yarılanma ömrünün 12,4 yıl olduğu tahmin edilmekte olup radyoaktif etkisi ve küresel ısınma potansiyeli dikkate alındığında bu süre önemlidir. Dünya nüfusunun artması ile birlikte beslenmek için hayvansal ürünlere olan talep yükselecek ve daha fazla hayvansal üretime gereksinim duyulacak, bunun sonucunda metan emisyonuda yükselecektir. Hayvansal üretimi düşürmeden metan emisyonunun azaltılması önem kazanmaktadır. Bu derlemede, ruminant hayvanlardan kaynaklı metan salınımı, azaltma yolları ve ölçüm yöntemleri incelenmiştir.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Cover and Table of Contents Полный текст
2022
Editoral Editoral
Cover and Table of Contents Полный текст
2022
Editoral Editoral
Önemli Bir Arı Ürünü Olan Balın Kalite Parametreleri Полный текст
2022
Nesibe Özge Toy | Nuray Şahinler
Bir apiterapi ürünü olan bal ise; vitamin ve mineral bakımından zengin, böcekler tarafından bitki üzerinde oluşturulan nektarı toplayarak elde edilen, insan sağlığı açısından büyük önem ihtiva eden maddeleri içeren değerli bir besindir. Farklı bitkilerden elde edilen ballarda farklı renk, tat ve kompozisyonlar gözlenebilmektedir. Türkiye’de en çok tüketilen arı ürünleri arasında yer alan balda hillendirilen gıdaların arasında yer almaktadır. Aynı zamanda bala şeker şurubu, nişasta tağşişi gibi bazı maddelerin katılması ile sahte bal üretimi gerçekleştirilmekte olup, tüketicileri de tehlikeye sokan GDO’lu balların üretiminin de dünya üzerinde artış gösterdiği bildirilmektedir. Bu durum önüne geçmek adına ise Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bal Tebliği’nde balın katkı maddelerinden uzak (gıda katkı maddeleri dahil olmak üzere), doğal bileşiminde bulunmayan organik ve/veya inorganik maddelerden ari olması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Bal tebliğinde belirtildiği gibi bal üretimi yapabilmek içinde balın bazı kalite kriterleri mevcuttur. Bu kriterler ise balın kimyasal içeriği (fenolik bileşikler, fruktoz / glikoz oranı, rutubeti, kül, ph değeri, Hidroksimetil furfural gibi), balın hammaddesine (yani nektarı) etki eden faktörler, bala ısıl işlem uygulanması sırasındaki sıcaklık değerleri, balın çiğ ve taze olması balın kalite kriterleri olarak belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, balın kimyasal yapısında bulunan bileşiklerin Türk Gıda Kodeksi’ ne göre bulunma oranlarının, ısıl işlem uygulanmasının ve balın nektar yapısının kalite üzerine etkileri derleme olarak hazırlanmıştır.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Determination and Evaluation of Field Adequacy by Ankara Göksu Park Users Полный текст
2022
Elif Nur Doğan | Sertaç Güngör
It is one of the biggest city parks of Ankara, which people can easily reach in daily use, walking, jogging, sitting, picnicking, playing etc. Göksu Park, which provides opportunities for activities such as, is built on the old Susuz pond in Eryaman. The park was opened in 2003. In this study, a 3-stage method was applied to determine and evaluate the area adequacy of the park. In the first stage, the first picture selection was made with the team of landscape architects in the park, using the nominal group technique, among the photographs taken in the area, obtained from the municipality and received the most likes from social media accounts with many followers. In the second stage, the criteria for the evaluation of field adequacy with the Delphi technique were determined by consulting the faculty members in the Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, who were selected as experts on the subject. Then, using the observation and comparison tables, the survey questions were prepared and after the application of the survey to the visitor group and park staff, as the third step, the survey data was based on whether the difference between the observed frequencies (OF) and expected frequencies (EF) was statistically significant with the help of SPSS 25 statistical program. Chi-square independence analysis, which is a test, and linear regression analysis were performed. By counting the frequencies, the relevant photographs will be examined and the relationship between density and field adequacy has been interpreted. With this study, it will contribute to the plans and designs of new projects so that the green areas and parks that people need due to the increasing population and urbanization can be used adequately in the future.
Показать больше [+] Меньше [-]Biodegradation of Some Pesticides by Enterobacter cloacae; in vitro Полный текст
2022
Tarık Balkan | Sabriye Belgüzar | Mehmet Kızılarslan | Özlem Yılmaz
The degradation of some pesticides (acetamiprid, boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and pyridaben) by Enterobacter cloacae (plant growth-promoting bacteria) was investigated in vitro. In this study, firstly the effective substances used initially did not have a negative effect on E. cloacae, and the bacteria showed the same growth as the control group in the nutrient agar medium. Secondly, application doses of pesticides were added to erlenmeyer with nutrient broth, and 1 ml of 1×109 cells/ml of E. cloacae solution was inoculated and incubated in a shaker at room temperature (24°C) for 7 days. After the nutrient broth medium was extracted, pesticides were measured by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). When the results were compared with the control group, there was no degradation in acetamiprid, but 98.9% in pyraclostrobin, 98.6% in boscalid, 94.1% in kresoxim-methyl, 73.5% in pyridaben and 57.3% in deltamethrin. It is thought that the results of this study and the information obtained on the degradation of boscalid, deltamethrin, kresoxim-methyl, pyraclostrobin and pyridaben will shed light on future studies.
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