Gelişen ve durmaksızın ilerleyen teknoloji, çevre kirliliği, radyasyon, kontamine sular, tarım ilaçları, ağır metaller ve canlı hücrelerdeki oksijen metabolizması gibi birçok etken insan vücudunda kaçınılmaz olarak serbest radikallerin oluşumuna neden olmaktadırlar. Serbest radikaller, oksijenin oldukça reaktif formları olup, vücut hücrelerini tahrip etmektedir. Bu da kalp damar hastalıkları, kanser, katarakt, diyabet, karaciğer tahribatı ve diğer pek çok hastalığa davetiye çıkarmaktadır. Bu hastalıklara çözüm getirmek öncelikle serbest radikallerin olumsuz etkilerini bertaraf etmek ve hastalıkların oluşumunu engellemekle gerçekleşebilir. İnsan vücudunda bunu engelleyebilecek antioksidan savunma sistemi mevcut olsa da karşılaşılan çevresel etmenler bu savunma direncini düşürmekte ve çoğu kez yetersiz bırakmaktadır. Zayıflayan antioksidan savunma sistemlerimizi doğal ve dengeli beslenerek güçlendirebiliriz. Bu makalede serbest radikallerin neden olduğu hastalıklara karşı direnç gösteren en önemli endojen ve ekzojen doğal antioksidanların sınıflandırılması ve insan sağlığına etkileri incelenmiştir.

More than ninety percent of the ruminant livestock in Nigeria lies in the hands of herders who keep them under extensive and semi-intensive management systems, whereby the animals rely only on natural pasture and crop residues for survival. In this work, the mycoflora and aflatoxin levels of ten farms were determined by sampling crop residues on farms grazed by cattle. Samples of the remains of farm harvest were surface-disinfected and cultured using standard microbiological techniques while aflatoxins in the left over harvest were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Fungal counts in leftover harvest ranged from 1.2 x 106 to 3.8 x106cfu/g. Aspergillus flavus, A. terreus, A.parasiticus, Rhizopus sp and a yeast, Candida sp were most prevalent on all the investigated crop residues. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the crop residues ranged between 3.0 and 13.30 μg/Kg, while the levels of AFG1 were between 2.30 and 4.50 μg/Kg. Results of the present study is indicative that the accumulation of these doses of AFB1 can lead to transfer of AFB1 into cattle and subsequently into milk. So there is an urgent need to control the feeding pattern of cattle in order to protect the health of the consuming public.

In this study, the effect of different harvest period on fruit quality and phytochemical properties of short and day neutral strawberries was investigated. For this purpose, two day-neutral ('Fern', 'Kabarl') and four short day ('Camorosa', 'Sweet Charlie', 'Rubygem' and 'Festival') strawberry varieties were harvested at three different harvest period. Harvested fruits were analysed 15 and 30 days intervals for short and day-neutral varieties. Pomological analysis such as fruit size, firmness, fruit weight, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), pH and total anthocyanin, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were studied. Results of the present study indicated that fruits from later harvest periods displayed smaller fruit size, lower pH and TSS content but higher TA and fruit firmness. Also, both short and day neutral varieties have higher phytochemical content at later harvest period in terms of total phenolics, total anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity.

The aim of present study was to determine the growth performance of Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii throughout 5 years and to investigate problems encountered in grow-out phase. Fish samples (2750.88±351.18 g, 80.18±6.49 cm mean±SD) were equally stocked into fiberglass tanks, three replicate per treatment and fed for 5 years. Gain of weight and length, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Condition Factor (CF) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were determined. Our results indicated that mean final length and weight were 106.34±2.79 (cm) and 6651.16±3.16 (g). The mean condition factor (CF) at year 5 was 0.51. FCR values fluctuated and the highest value of food conversion rate (FCR) was determined in 4th year. During the rearing period of Russian sturgeon, SGR values decreased dramatically from 2.88 to 1.83. In conclusion, slow growth was determined in Russian sturgeon A. gueldenstaedtii. Therefore, there is need for extensive evaluation and comparison of data obtained from field studies and those obtained from laboratory studies.

This study is one of Turkey at the sea coast in Izmir and Ankara in other inland fisheries are conducted to determine consumer preferences. 306 people in Izmir and 405 people in Ankara were directly interviewed and the orginal data for the research was gathered. Survey data were anlyzed with using SPSS and Microsoft Excel software packages. According to the survey data; it is determined that individuals consumed mostly white meat at the rate of 81%, and consumed white meat at the rate of 19%. At least 46% of these individuals consume fish once a week at a minimum. It is determined that 83% of the individuals in Ankara consumed white meat, 17% consumed red meat. It is found out that at least 30% of these indiviudals consumed fish once a week at a minimum. Aquaculture products are highly important for the nutrition due to its being animal protein resource. In spite of the fast growing population and big problems seen in balanced diets, aquaculture products are not efficiently benefited. As a result of our country to increase fish consumption habits and consumption of fishery products on human health in the short and long term benefits should be explained. To this end, local governments and other regional organizations and institutions of the people in the area where the handle will be of interest to fisheries and should be in promoting.

Bu derleme, bitkilerin kuraklık stresine karşı gösterdikleri kompleks fizyolojik ve metabolik tepki mekanizmaları hakkında bilinenleri özetlemek, en etkin yaklaşımları vurgulamak ve tarımsal anlamda önemi olan bitkilerin kuraklık toleransını arttırmak amaçlı çalışmalar için kullanılabilecek olan yeni yaklaşımları değerlendirmek amacını taşımaktadır. Kuraklık, tarımsal üretimde ciddi verim kayıplarına neden olan etmenlerin başında gelmektedir. Küresel ısınmaya bağlı olarak beklenen şiddetli kuraklık olayları, tarımsal anlamda kullanılan bitkilerin kuraklık toleranslarının arttırılması yolunda ciddi adımların acil olarak atılmasının gerekliliğini bir kez daha gözler önüne koymaktadır. Hareket edemeyen canlılar olan bitkiler, kuraklık, sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve aşırı yağış gibi abiyotik stres koşullarına büyüme ve gelişmeleri en az zarar görecek şekilde fizyolojik ve metabolik değişikliklerle tepki vermektedirler. Ancak, abiyotik stres koşullarında meydana gelen bu değişiklikler, karmaşıklıklarından dolayı uzun yıllardır üzerinde çalışılıyor olmasına rağmen halen tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Bu da, bitki kuraklık stres tepkisini anlamak ve tarımsal anlamda önemi olan bitkilerin stres toleransını arttırmak amaçlı çalışmalarda yeni yaklaşımlar kullanılmasını gerektirmektedir. Karşılaştırmalı genomik ve tranksriptomik çalışmaların yapılması, bitki kuraklık stres tepkisinde miRNA’ların oynadıkları rollerin anlaşılması, toleransları daha yüksek olan yabani genotiplerin mekanizmalarının aydınlatılması ve bitki stres adaptasyonunda epigenetiğin rolünün ortaya konulması öncelikler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu bilgilerin klasik ıslah çalışmalarıyla entegrasyonu, doğada gerçekleşen çoklu abiyotik stres koşullarına dayanıklı bitkilerin geliştirilebilmesi için en önemli aşamadır.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) is widely grown in the mid hills as intercrop with maize or in paddy bunds, while it is gaining popularity as sole crop in terai and inner terai. Mean temperature at Khumaltar during soybean growing period was mostly fluctuating; but we observed an increasing trend in temperature. Amount of rainfall was not changed dramatically but number of rainy days was decreased during study period. Rainfall during germination time increase soil moisture which also increase germination and found higher early stand. Days from sowing to 50% flowering and 90% maturity were short in the case of higher minimum temperature and low rainfall. Among the genotypes, AGS-377, AGS-378, AGS-379 and Tarkari Bhattmas-1 were more sensitive. However, seed yield decreased in the case of higher temperatures and low rainfall. Cool night temperatures and high moisture increased disease incidence in soybean which, eventually reduced yield. In last three years, plant suffered from moisture stress during early vegetative stage and high moisture during late vegetative stage which reduced seed yield and seed weight. In conclusion, we found that genotypes like AGS- 360, Sathiya and Tarkari Bhatmas-1 are very sensitive to climatic variation.

The world aquaculture industry shows a rapid increase in production recently. Depending on production methods, culture techniques and culture methods are also developing. With developing culture methods, decrease of water quality, increase of stress, decrease of food quality, increase bacterial, viral or parasite infections can suppress on growth. Lately the use of alternative materials such as prebiotics widespread to improve the health of the fish. A prebiotic is a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or the activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon. In this review, the importance and potential effects of some prebiotics are emphasized in aquaculture.

The possible use of three different thickness black geotextile materials (GEO-50, GEO-100 and GEO-150) , the new control methods for our country, compared with weedy check among of the rows and using herbicide (Glyphosate), mowing, black polyethylene with weedy check on the rows have been investigated for controlling of weeds which is a considerable problem of tangerine orchard. Experimental randomly plots were arranged by considering complete block design with five replications on the rows treatment. Mulch materials were applied apart for width of 160 cm on the rows. When weed coverage (%) reached 10-15%, herbicide (Glyphosate) was applied with 600 cc/da. Mowing was applied when weed lenght and coverage (%) reached 10-15 cm and 10-15, respectively. Weed coverage (%) and numbers were counted in 15 days intervals at the quadrats for all plots. The results of the studies for tangerine orange 4 years old showed that mulching with black geotextile and polyethylene were more supressed than the other control methods on the row. Average weed coverage (%) was found 56.09% in control (weedy), 24.66% in mowing, 11.05% in herbicide, 3.09% in black polyethylene, 2.78% in GEO-50, 0.87% GEO-100 and 0.76% JEO-150, respectively. As observed weed coverage (%), the similar result was found for weed number in black geotextile treatments.

Number of bread wheat cultivars have significantly increased in recent years and research on adaptation capacities of such cultivars are not sufficient in Kayseri. This study was carried out to determine high-yield bread cultivars able to adapt the conditions of Kayseri Province in 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping seasons. A total of 42 national bread wheat cultivars were used and adaptation capacities were determined for Kayseri Region. Significant differences were observed in entire traits of the years and cultivars. Grain-fill periods of cultivars varied between 33.9-40.5 days, plant heights between 76.0-121.7 cm, number of spike per m2 between 292.5-645.8 spikes, number of kernel per spike between 17.4-43.9 kernels, 1000 kernel weights between 32.9-40.1 g, kernel yields between 153.0-278.3 kg/da, hectoliter weights between 72.8-78.4 kg and protein ratios between 9.08-14.37%. Considering the dry conditions of Kayseri region, Bezostaja-1, Gün 91, Bayraktar 2000, Dağdaş 94, Karahan 99, Tosunbey and Nenehatun cultivars were recommended for high yield and quality.