Marketplace waste collection is one of the crucial services provided by the district municipalities in Turkey. A significant amount of food waste is periodically collected from marketplaces. However, an important opportunity for recycling and mitigation climate change is missed because these waste are sent to landfills. Composting, one of the waste management technologies applied to organic waste to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and produce compost, is often preferred for the management of marketplace waste. This study aims to determine suitable locations for compost facilities to manage marketplace waste with the help of GIS considering economic, environmental, and topographic factors in Izmir, Turkey. There are 199 marketplaces in Izmir and each has at least one market a week. Each marketplace was weighted by means of population served by using location-allocation analysis since the amount of waste collected from the marketplaces is not known. First, an exclusion analysis was performed to remove limited use areas. Then, a preference analysis was performed. Factors affecting plant site selection process for composting marketplace waste, including marketplace locations and weights, were determined. Since all factors do not have equal importance, the analytical hierarchy process was used to determine weights for each factor based on their influence. The study area was spatially evaluated for each preference factor and a suitability map was created for each factor. Finally, a high-resolution final suitability map was obtained by combining each factor’s suitability map along with their weights. Areas with a suitability index greater than 80% have been defined as suitable areas for compost facility installation. The results indicate that there are 323 potential locations suitable for compost facilities in Izmir.

H. perforatum, which is widely used in traditional medicine due to its bioactive compounds was extracted with ethanol-water (3:7). The extract was encapsulated with maltodextrin and gum arabic in a spray dryer in order to protect the phenolic compounds in its structure. Different amounts of microcapsules were added to our traditional drink, i.e. ayran (drinking yoghurt). The total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the microcapsules, extract of HP, and ayran samples were determined. The amount of total phenolic compounds in the microcapsule provided a superior effect than the extract. The ayran samples were supplemented with 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% of H. perforatum (HP) microcapsules and it is observed that total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity indicated an increase with concentration. TPC and DPPH activity were determined as 256.94 mg GAE / 100mL and 78.05% for 6% of HP microcapsules supplemented samples. As a result of the sensory analysis, ayran samples which supplemented with 4% of HS microcapsule gained the highest scores by the panellists and received more appreciation than the control group. According to sensory analysis, HP4 (ayran produced with 4% HP added microcapsule) sample was determined as the best sample, while the HP6 (Ayran produced with 6% HP added microcapsule) sample had the highest scores in terms of DPPH scavenging activity and TPC results. The overall results of this study revealed that 4% HP supplemented ayran can be produced with its increased health benefits and desirable properties. In this study, the use of H. perforatum microcapsules in ayran, its effect on antioxidant and phenolic components, the usage rates and acceptability of microcapsules were investigated.

This study examined farmers’ level of use of climate change adaptation strategies across selected agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Edo and Ondo States were selected for the study with three major agro-ecological zones. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between year of education and level of use of adaptation strategies (r = 0.15, P = 0.02). The result of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that significant differences existed in most of the adaptation strategies employed except planting different varieties (F = 1.672, P = 0.190), intercropping (F = 0.646, P = 0.525), crop rotation (F = 2.436, P = 0.090) and migration to different sites (F = 0.661, P = 0.517). The study recommended that the issue of climate change should not be taken lightly by all stakeholders as its effect differs among various agro-ecological zones.

This study established an efficient in vitro callus formation and plant regeneration protocol for a prevıously reported Cu accumulator, Brassica nigra, black mustard collected from Diyarbakir (Station site). Node explants from 10-day old mature plants were used for callus formation and shoot regeneration. The highest callus formation frequency (100%) was observed on Murasige Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.1 mg/L Benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.5 mg/L Naphthylacetic acid (NAA) (MS 2), 0.6 mg/L BAP + 0.2 mg/L NAA (MS 7), the highest shoot regeneration frequency (100%) was achieved on MS medium containing 0.6 mg/L BAP + 0.05 mg/L Indole butyric acid (IBA) (MS 8), 0.2 mg/L IBA + 0.2 mg/L NAA (MS 10) and the highest number of shoots per explant (3,25) was obtained on MS medium supplemented 0.6 mg/L BAP + 0.05 mg/L IBA (MS 8). After root, stem, and leaf formation from explants in MS medium, these plants were transferred to soil and grown in the plant growth room for one month. A dependable and effective shoot regeneration procedure was developed, laying the groundwork for genetic transformation in Brassica nigra.

The study examined the constraints of access to the use of agricultural insurance schemes (AIS) by small-scale farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria. Sustainable agricultural enterprise in most developing countries like Nigeria can be achieved through adequate financing especially in the area of agricultural insurance. Despite the existence of insurance services by the Nigerian Agricultural Insurance Corporation and other private firms in Nigeria, there has been a low level of participation of farmers buying insurance premium; thus, there is a need to examine the hindrances in accessing the scheme. The specific objectives were to describe the socio-economics characteristic of small- scale farmers, examine the types of agricultural insurance and evaluate the constraints in accessing AIS in the study area. Primary data were collected from 150 farmers with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that farmers in the study area were dominated by the married (68%), literates (81.33) and males (73.33%) with the mean age and farming experience of 47 and 19 years respectively. Crop insurance (56%) and farm implement insurance (46%) were the major types of agricultural insurance used by the farmers. Rigorous procedures in claim settlement (3.266), poor government attention (3.106) poor repayment (3.080) and non-coverage of all the crops (3.093) were among the major challenges in accessing AIS) in the study area. The study recommended that the government through the ministry of Agriculture or Bank of Agriculture should eliminate the bureaucratic processes and bottlenecks encountered by the farmers in accessing AIS.

In this study, it was investigated the effect of clove oil supplementation at increasing levels into laying hens’ diets on performance, egg quality traits, some blood parameters and yolk TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reagent) values. For this purpose 96 Lohman white laying hens, 28 weeks of age, were divided into four treatment groups. Control group was fed with basal diet (C) and treatment groups were fed with diets formed by addition of clove oil at 50 ppm (CO1), 100 ppm (CO2) and 150 ppm (CO3), respectively. During the trial, feed and water were given as ad-libitum, and poultry house was illuminated for 17 hours. Experiment lasted for 13 weeks. Addition clove oil at increasing rates into diet did not affect the live weight. The data analysed as polynomial showed that supplementation of clove oil into layer diet linearly improved feed conversion ratio and increased the egg production. But, daily feed consumption, egg weight, damaged egg ratio and egg quality parameters were not affected by treatments. Serum parameters such as triglyceride, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and calcium were not affected by the clove oil supplementation. TBARS values in C, CO1, and CO2 were found higher than the CO3 group fed with diet including 150 ppm clove oil. In conclusion, clove oil at 150 ppm level in diets of laying hens could be used due to extend the egg shelf life and to decline serum cholesterol content.

Growth factors and vitamin-like substances have great positive importance in most biological interactions in the cellular level. The addition of these elements in the culture media will increase the yield of the resulting embryos and improve quality. We examined the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and myo-inositol (MI) on meiotic maturation and yields of blastocyst of Awassi sheep oocyte across two experiments. The oocytes obtained were subjected into three treatments: A (without EGF nor MI), B (10 ng/ml EGF + 20 mmol/l MI) and C (50 ng/ml EGF +40 mmol/l MI). Oocytes were then cultured in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented with 5% (v: v) fetal calf serum and 40 ng/ml follicle - stimulating hormone. In the first experiment, during the 27-h culture period, the oocytes were assessed for germinal vesicle break down, metaphase-I and metaphase-II stages across three-time intervals (9, 21 and 27-h). Results of the experiment showed that EGF and MI enhanced the rates of germinal vesicle break down phase (1.53%; 27-h interval; lowest value), metaphase-I (33.87%; 21-h interval) and metaphase-II (89.23%; 27-h interval). In the second experiment, the oocytes incubated in treatment B achieved the highest rates of cleavage (81.96%), 2-8 cell (62.35%) and blastocyst (45.09%). It is concluded from the present study that incubating sheep oocytes in culture media containing a cocktail of EGF (10 ng/ml) and MI (20 mmol/l) significantly improves the rates of metaphase-II, fertilization and blastocyst rates.

Mushrooms have been used as food and medicinal purposes for centuries. In this study, some edible Ascomycota were collected in 2018 and 2019 from Niğde, Turkey. Molecular identifications of the samples were performed afterward. PCR products were sent for sequence analysis after ITS fragments were amplified with suitable primers concerning DNA isolation of samples. The obtained data were compared with the Genbank database for samples’ determination. The mushroom samples were determined to be Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Samples were extracted by ethanol and methanol to determine antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method. Antimicrobial zones against microorganisms were measured. Then DPPH radical scavenging effects and total phenolic content of T. claveryi and M. esculenta mushroom samples were studied. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in ethanol extracts of M. esculenta. When the DPPH radical scavenging activities are taken into account, the activity is increased depending on the concentration. The highest DPPH scavenging activity was found in the extract of M. esculenta with 40.86%. It was determined that the total phenolic substances in methanol extracts of mushroom samples varies between 533.28 ± 1,15-537.34 ±2.20 μg GAE / mg extract.

Türkiye, sahip olduğu klimatolojik özellikler sayesinde üzüm yetiştirilmesine uygun bir ülkedir. Türkiye’nin verimli topraklarında bol miktarda üzüm üretilmesine ve bağ alanı bakımından dünyanın önde gelen ülkelerinden biri olmasına rağmen üretilen üzümlerin ancak %11 kadarının şarap üretiminde değerlendirildiği bilinmektedir. Türkiye’de şarap sektörünün her aşamasında karşılaşılan zorlukların, kısaca şarap bilimi olarak tanımlanan önoloji eğitimine de yansıdığı ve şarap konusunda kalifiye eleman yetiştirilen okulların sayıca az olduğu görülmektedir. Oysaki Türkiye’nin bağ alanı ve üzüm üretim miktarı açısından en yakın rakiplerinin yer aldığı Avrupa kıtasında durum oldukça farklıdır. Söz konusu ülkelerde önoloji eğitimi büyük önem arz etmekte ve önoloji eğitimini tamamlayanlara önolog unvanı verilmektedir. İçerik analizi yöntemiyle hazırlanan bu çalışmanın amacı, Avrupa’da verilen önoloji eğitimi ile Türkiye’de verilen önolojiye yönelik eğitimi mukayese ederek Türkiye’deki önoloji eğitimi için bazı öneriler ortaya koymaktır. Yapılan çalışma neticesinde; Türkiye’de önoloji eğitiminin, farklı pek çok gerekçe ile ihmal edilmiş bir eğitim alanı olduğu, lisans, yüksek lisans ve doktora düzeylerinde önoloji eğitimi verilmediği, önlisans düzeyinde ise sadece bir devlet üniversitesinde şarap üretim teknolojisi eğitimi verildiği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın alanyazına, sonraki araştırmacılara, şarap sektörüne ve özellikle şarapla ilgili eğitim veren kurumlara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Evaluation of soil hydro-physical properties is very important in agriculture and for sustainable management of the land resources. This investigation was conducted to assess some hydro-physical properties of soils in different land use types (LUT) selected (i.e., dry upper land (UD), lowland (LL) and residential area (RA)) at 0-15cm and 15-30cm depths in Bade Local Government Area of Northeastern, Nigeria. Soils were randomly sampled at four points in each LUT and analyzed according to standard soil analysis procedures. Results of the analyses of variance showed that LL had recorded significantly higher clay content, larger soil porosities and high-water retention properties than the other LUT. Soil structural stability index (SSI) and organic carbon (OC) were below optimal range and statistically not different across the land uses. The results also indicated non-significant differences in the hydro-physical properties within the sampling depths. The coefficient of variation (CV) revealed that, slight variation (CV