Researchers have turned to alternative studies in order to benefit more from renewable energy sources due to fossil resources will be insufficient in the near future, environmental pollution as a result of fuel combustion and increasing energy demand. Biogas production, which is used in many areas such as heating, transportation, electricity, natural gas and chemical production, is one of the most attractive alternatives among these studies. Animal manure is also an important material used as a substrate in the production of biogas. For this purpose, the province of Van, which is one of the leading provinces of our country in terms of animal production and where cattle, sheep and poultry are grown intensively, was chosen as the research area. In the research, TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) 2021 data were used. It was made evaluations on the animal numbers data of the province of Van for 2021 and the amount of total manure and the biogas potential were determined. As a result of the research; the total amount of usable manure that can be obtained from animal waste in Van province is 1.45 million tons × year-1 and its conversion potential into biogas energy is calculated as 57.448.729 m3 × year-1. It has been determined that it is equivalent to 2.700.009.026 kWh of electricity or 47.107.958 m3 of natural gas energy of the total biogas potential. This too; when evaluated with today's prices, it saves approximately 221 to 337 million TL × year-1, depending on the area of use.

Yield performances differ according to the environment in which the plants are grown. In order to determine the chickpea cultivars suitable for Kahramanmaraş province, 17 different chickpea cultivars were tried during the growing seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. Among the characteristics examined in the study, flowering times, pod bind times, first branch height to years, varieties and years variety interactions were significant as statistical. There were statistically significant differences in terms of plant height, years and year × variety interaction. The number of pods, pod length, pod width created statistically significant differences in terms of years and cultivars. The differences among the cultivars in terms of grain yield were found as statistically significant. It was determined that the effects of years, cultivars and year-variety interactions on the first pod height, number of branches, and pod diameter did not have a statistically significant. At the end of the two-year study, it was concluded that Seckin, Arda, Hasanbey, Çagatay, Azkan, Ubet, Damla 89 and Aslanbey chickpea cultivars can be recommended due to the over grain yield of 300 (345-301) kg from per decare in Kahramanmaras conditions.

Peanut allergens adversely affect the health and quality of life of millions of consumers worldwide. The seeds of the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) contain a number of allergens that trigger the production of specific IgE antibodies in allergy-prone individuals. Currently, 18 proteins found in peanuts are accepted as allergens. These allergens are named from Ara h 1 to Ara h 18. Ara h 2, Ara h 6 and Ara h 7 are from albumin, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 are from globülin. Ara h is the abbreviation of Arachis hypogaea, the Latin name for peanut. A peanut allergy is a reaction that occurs shortly after eating to peanuts or peanut products. It has various symptoms that can go up to swelling of the tongue, itching of the palate, itching and burning in the throat, itching in the eyes and nose, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, bruising, chest pain, hives, low blood pressure and shock. In this review, the properties of peanut allergens and the methods of reducing the allergen effect will be reviewed.

Crop and animal production constitute a large part of the people's livelihoods in Bayburt province. In addition, the province has become one of the important animal husbandry centers of the region due to the fact that it is a transit point between the Eastern Anatolia region and the Black Sea region. But the number of small farms in Bayburt province is still very large, and the number of farms that are members of grower organizations is quite small. In addition, the migration of the young population from villages leads to an increase in the average age of the population engaged in animal husbandry and a decrease in the number of animals that can be raised depending on the labor force. In this review, the general status of cattle and small ruminants livestock in Bayburt province was given and the level of livestock in Bayburt province was revealed with current data.

Yeast cells are carriers with great potential for encapsulation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, due to protection from external environmental influences, controlled release, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The promising research results on the encapsulation of bioactive substances in the recent past promise a bright future in many fields such as agriculture, medicine and cosmetics, including functional food. The significant decrease in the stability of many bioactive compounds due to environmental conditions (heat, humidity, oxygen, etc.) has revealed the necessity of preserving the stability of these types of compounds by encapsulation process. After the recognition of yeast cells as suitable carriers for water-soluble flavor encapsulation, the possibilities of using various yeasts, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the encapsulation of various oils, vitamins, flavors and some phenolic compounds have been the subject of various scientific studies. The fact that the encapsulation process using yeast cells offers some advantages compared to other encapsulation methods has made the use of yeast cells in the encapsulation process very popular and there has been an increase in studies conducted in recent years. In this study, various scientific studies on the possibilities and effectiveness of the use of yeast cells in the encapsulation of various structures, especially various bioactive compounds, have been reviewed.

Bu araştırma, süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde yem tüketimi ve yem dönüşüm oranının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan veriler Hatay ilinde 141 adet süt sığırcılığı işletmesinden derlenmiştir. İşletmelerde ortalama yem bitkileri üretim alanı 18,13 da olup, yem bitkileri ekim alanlarının bitkisel üretim deseni içindeki payı %31,07 olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen işletmelerde ortalama büyükbaş hayvan varlığı 11,02 baş, sağmal inek sayısı ise 4,87 baş olup, sağmal inek başına süt verim değeri 5.619 lt/baş, süt geliri ise 2.811 ABD$/baş olarak hesaplanmıştır. İşletmelerinde bir süt ineğinin bir laktasyon döneminde kaba yem tüketimi 3.139,67 kg, tüketilen yemin parasal değeri ise 371,61 ABD$, kesif yem ve kırma yem tüketimi 2.958,90 kg, tüketilen yemin parasal değeri ise 1.118,57 ABD$ olarak tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen işletmeler genelinde toplam masraf tutarı yaklaşık olarak 1,9 milyon ABD$ olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Toplam masraf içinde değişen masrafların payı %64,26 olup, sabit masrafların payı %35,74 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yem masraflarının değişen masraflar içindeki payı ise %80,56’dır. Yapılan araştırma bir laktasyon döneminde sağmal ineklere verilen 1 kg kesif ve kırma yem tüketimine karşılık elde edilen süt miktarının 1,90 lt olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. İşletmeler ortalaması dikkate alındığında; 100 ABD$ yem tüketimi karşılığında süt sığırcılığının brüt üretim değeri için 236,02 ABD$, süt geliri için de 195,72 ABD$ olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada işletme büyüklük grupları arasında süt verimi ile kaba yem ve dane yem tüketim miktarı bakımından istatistiki yönden bir farklılıklar bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yürütülen araştırma; incelenen işletmelerde hayvan başına daha yüksek süt verimi ve gelirine ulaşabilmek için özellikle işletmelerin yem ihtiyacını kendi işletmelerinden sağlamaları gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.

The present study was aimed at isolating endophytic fungi from the Algerian medicinal plant Salicornia arabica and analyzing its antifungal and antibacterial effects. The morphological analysis allowed us to identify endophyte isolates at the genus level as belonging to 8 different genera, Aureobasidium sp., Ulocladium sp., Acremonium sp., Stemphylium sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Phoma sp., and Chrysosporium sp. with frequency percentages 6.7%, 13.3%, 20%, 13.3%, 13.3%, 13.3%, 6.7%, 6.7%, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was caried out using the agar plug diffusion method. The three isolates of the genus Acremonium sp. were highly active against all tested bacteria except Enterococcus faecalis. Comparison of the means of inhibition zones of the active isolates showed that the three fungal isolates of Acremonium were the most active, followed by Chrysosporium sp., Penicillium sp.1, Aureobasidium sp., Stemphylium sp.1, Penicillium sp. .2, and Ulocladium sp.2. The widest zones of inhibition were 22.33 and 20.33mm for Acremonium sp.3, 18.33 and 15.33mm for Aureobasidium sp., 19.33mm for Penicillium sp.1, and 19 and 15mm for Stemphylium sp.1 obtained against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, respectively. Regarding the antifungal activity, the best inhibitory activity was 80 and 64.70% obtained with the isolate Penicillium sp.2 against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciccri and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis, respectively, and of 63.29 and 58% observed against Phytophthora infestans and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciccri, respectively, with the endophytic isolate Aspergillus sp.2. These results indicated the possible prospect of endophytes fungi isolated from Salicornia arabica as a promising resource of antimicrobial compounds and in the quest for the potential starting points for the development of new antibiotics.

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees that is rich with phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Extract of propolis has a high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties due to the presence of these compounds. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to examine the antibacterial and the antioxidant activities of standardized, commercial water extract of propolis in vivo assays, and to assess its impact on preservation of raw beef meatballs aerobically packaged and stored at 4ºC for 7 days. The results showed that the propolis extract demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis in vivo test. Furthermore, meatballs prepared with the propolis extract had an extended shelf life about a week in comparison to the regular meatballs. Besides, the propolis extract was a very effective natural antioxidant agent for controlling the oxidative changes in meatballs. The propolis treatment provided 64.6% reduction in the malondialdehyde formation at the final day of storage. Color lightness and yellowness values of meatballs were not affected by the propolis treatment, only difference was observed in redness values. The pH of the meatballs prepared with the propolis extract almost stayed constant during storage, while the pH of the control meatball samples increased. In summary, propolis extract exhibited a strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activity in vivo assays and in a meat product. Accordingly, it should be used in meat product formulations to enhance preservation of meat products.

Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler, doğadan toplananlar ve yetiştirilenler olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılır. Doğadan toplanan tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler, orman gibi doğal yerlerde kendiliğinden yetişen bitkilerdir. Akdeniz bölgesinde bulunan bu bitkilerden ikisi Laurus nobilis L. ve Myrtus communis L'dir. Bu çalışma, defne ağaçları ve mersin bitkilerinden elde edilen uçucu yağların oran ve bileşenlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Türkiye'nin Osmaniye ili florasında yoğun olarak yetişen bu bitkilerden elde edilen yapraklar endüstriyel uygulamalarda büyük damıtma kazanlarında (imbik) su buharı distilasyon yöntemi uygulanarak uçucu yağları elde edilmiştir. İmbik yöntemleriyle elde edilen uçucu yağ oranları defne bitkisinde %0,9-1,4 ve mersin bitkisinde %0,4-0,8 arasında gözlenmiştir. Uçucu yağ bileşenleri incelendiğinde defnenin ana bileşenleri α-pinene (%5,75), sabinen (%8,9), eucalyptol (%44,42) ve α-terpinyl asetat (%17,37) olarak belirlenmiş olup, mersin bitkisinin ana bileşenleri ise, α-pinene (%50,79), limonene (%4,08), eucalyptol (%31,66), α-terpineol (%5,57), α-terpinyl acetate (%2,37) olarak belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışma; Erzincan Altınada Sulama Birliği şebekesinin 2014-2018 yıllarındaki performansının izlenip değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada daha önceki çalışmalarda kullanılan ve önerilen performans ölçüm parametreleri kullanılmıştır. Bu parametreler; şebekedeki sulama alanı oranları ile bu alanlar için gerekli net ve toplam su sağlanma oranları, üretim değeri oranı ile bunun mali getirisi, şebekenin mali yeterlilik ve mali etkinlik oranları, su ücretlerinin tahsilat oranı, sürdürülebilir sulama alanı oranı ile karlılık oranlarıdır. Sulu tarıma açılmış toplam alan 3600 hektar iken araştırma yıllarında 2254,93 ha ile 2751,56 ha arasında değişen alanlarda bitkisel üretim yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Araştırma yıllarında sürdürülebilir sulama alanı oranları %130,83ile %159,65 arasında iken sulama alanı oranları değerleri %62,64 ile %76,43 arasında kalmıştır. Şebekede aylık net su temin oranlarının 0,78 ile 3,44 arasında iken toplam su temin oranlarının 1,53 ile 6,70 arasında değiştiği, yani çiftçinin aşırı su kullanma eğiliminin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Altınada sulama birliği sahasında üretim değeri oranı %33,05 ile %44,79; karlılık oranı ise 0,95 ile 2,59 arasındadır. Mali etkinlik oranı %22,70 ile %53,30 mali yeterlilik oranı %45,24 ile %101,64, yıllık tahsilât oranı %13,0 ile %96,0, toplam tahsilat oranı da %89 ile %169 arasında gerçekleşmiştir. Ekonomik parametreler bakımından planlama beklentilerine yaklaşılamadığı belirlenmiştir. Şebekede gerçekleşen üretimin planlama öngörülerine yaklaşabilmesi için sulama alanı oranının artırılması, mali getirileri yüksek olan üretim deseninin seçilmesi ve mali kaynakların daha etkin kullanılması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.