Five strains of Lactococcus, including L. garviae K2, L. piscium SU4, L. lactis subsp. cremoris E22, L. plantarum L7 and L. lactis subsp. hordinae E91 were screened for production of antimicrobial agents. The strains were also analysed for antimicrobial activities against spoilage and pathogenic organisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Result revealed that L. piscium SU4, L. plantarum L7 and L. lactis subsp. cremoris E22 had lactic acid production (g/107 colony forming units, CFU) of 7.23, 7.20 and 7.19. The value of 6.83 recorded as lactic acid produced by L. garviae K2 was significantly different from those obtained for others. The highest acetic acid production (3.55 g/107 CFU) was recorded for L. garviae K2 while L. piscium SU4 had the lowest (2.99 g/107 CFU). L. lactis subsp. hordinae E91 had diacetyl production of 71.99 (µg/107 CFU), which was higher than those recorded for other Lactococcus strains. Test for antimicrobial activities showed that Escherichia coli NCTC 86, Yersinia enterocolitica NCTC 10460, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIMB 10848, Bacillus cereus NCTC 21113 and Pseudomonas flourescens recorded higher susceptibilities to the antimicrobial action of the Lactococcus strains than others; zones of inhibition of 5 mm and above were recorded for the indicator organisms compared to lower values (

Se utilizaron cinco tratamientos: el testigo (T0) y cuatro concentraciones de lixiviados (T1= 100%, T2= 75%, T3= 50% y T4= 25%) aplicados 15, 30 y 60 días después del trasplante. La actividad microbiana se determinó con la metodología del CAB y la biomasa microbiana con el método de fumigación-extracción. En la actividad microbiana se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, presentando la aplicación del lixiviado a la menor concentración (25%) la mayor actividad (56.76 mgCO2g suelo-1). La actividad fue mayor en floración en todos los tratamientos. Para biomasa microbiana no se presentaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos ni entre épocas. ABSTRACT The effect of leaching from rachis on soil microbial biomass and activity during tomato flowering and harvesting period. Field trail comprised five treatments of different leaching concentrations (T0= test, T1= 100%, T2= 75%, T3=50%, and T4=25%) sprinkled on soil 15, 30 and 60 days after tomato transplanting. Microbial activity was measured with CAB method and microbial biomass was recorded with fumigation - extraction method. The average microbial activity with sprinking of 25% of leaching was higher (56.76 mgCO2g suelo-1). No significant difference in order to treatments and periods in microbial biomass were observed. These observations showed leaching sprinkling in low concentration influence en microbial activity for the conditions of this experiment. Key words: Soil biology, biomass, leaching, Lycopersicum sculentun.

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology is gaining popularity worldwide for its potential of extending shelf life of fresh produce with better fruit quality. Effect of MAP (using Xtend® bags), was investigated on postharvest storage life and quality of mango cvs Sindhri and Sufaid Chaunsa stored at 11°C with 80-85% RH for 4 and 5 weeks respectively, in comparison with un-bagged (control) fruit. Uniform physiological mature fruit of Sindhri and Sufaid Chaunsa were harvested from a commercial mango orchard along with 4-5 cm long pedicel and were de-sapped in 0.5% lime solution (to avoid sap burn injury). Later on fruit were given cold water fungicidal dip (Sportak @ 0.5ml/L, Active Ingredient: Prochloraz) followed by hot water treatment (52°C; 5 min). After shade drying and pre-cooling (11°C; 10-12 hours), fruit were packed according to the treatment combination and stored at 11°C. Fruit of both varieties were removed after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of storage followed by ripening at 24±2°C with an additional removal after 5 weeks for Sufaid Chaunsa only. Fruit quality was evaluated for various bio-chemical, organoleptic and physical parameters at two stages of ripening (at removal day and at final ripening day). Fruit of both varieties stored in MAP exhibited better firmness and retained green colour as compared to un-bagged fruit. Quality of fruit subjected to postharvest fungicidal application and hot water treatments and stored under MAP at 11°C showed better peel colour development and less disease development. Moreover, storage durations and post storage ripening stages significantly affected fruit peel colour, textural softness and disease development. Further, cv. Sindhri showed better storage potential with lower disease incidence as compared to cv. Sufaid Chaunsa which warrants further studies on disease control aspects.

El destete de cerdos estã asociado con multiples factores que generan respuestas infiamatorias tem- pranas en órganos internos y alta incidencia de diarreas. En el Centro de Investigación San Pablo de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, se evaluaron los parámetros clínicos y las lesiones en órganos internos en dieciséis cerdos destetados a veintiún días de edad, que fueron alimentados durante diez días con una dieta a base de leche. Cada uno, cinco, siete y diez días posdestete, se sa- crificaron cuatro cerdos y se tomaron para estudio muestras de intestino delgado, est%mago, hIgado, páncreas, corazón, pulmones, riñones y bazo. Las lesiones determinadas fueron congestión, edema, y hemorragia; se asignó un valor según el grado de presentación: ausente (0), leve (1), leve-moderada (2), moderada+severa 53<, severa 5=<. >os animales fueron pesados al destete y en el momento de sacrificio. Se encontraron diferencias (P < 0.01) en la aparición macroscópica de lesiones, peso de órganos, tem- peratura rectal y ganancia de peso. Los mayores valores se encontraron en el día uno posdestete y los menores en el día cinco; no obstante, para el día diez posdestete se observó una recuperación de las lesiones. La variable ocurrencia de diarreas presentó un comportamiento posdestete diferente y tendió a disminuir (P < 0.01).

To evaluate the effect of early weaning on clinical parameters, development and occurrence of lesions in organs of systemic importance, and weight gain in pigs evaluations were carried out. The experiment was conducted in the San Pablo Production Research Center of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Medellín). We used 16 weaned pigs at 21 days of age. The animals were fed for 10 days with a basal diet (milk). Four pigs were slaughtered on days 1, 5, 7 and 10 post-weaning and samples of intestine, stomach, liver, pancreas, heart, lungs, kidneys and spleen were extracted. Congestion, edema, and hemorrhage were the lesions determined; a value according to the degree of presentation was assigned: absent (0), mild (1), mild-moderate (2), moderate-severe (3), severe (4). The animals were weighed on weaning day, and the day of slaughter. Statistical difference (P < 0.01) was found in macroscopic appearance of lesions, organ weight, rectal temperature, and weight gain. On the first day of post-weaning the highest values were observed. On the other hand, the lowest values were observed in the day fifth. However by day 10 after weaning an increase of the injuries was observed. The variable occurrence of diarrhea showed an opposite performance (P < 0.01). Weaning is associated with multiple factors leading to the early inflammatory response and the high incidence of diarrhea during post-weaning period. | El destete de cerdos está asociado con múltiples factores que generan respuestas inflamatorias tempranas en órganos internos y alta incidencia de diarreas. En el Centro de Investigación San Pablo de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, se evaluaron los parámetros clínicos y las lesiones en órganos internos en dieciséis cerdos destetados a veintiún días de edad, que fueron alimentados durante diez días con una dieta a base de leche. Cada uno, cinco, siete y diez días posdestete, se sacrificaron cuatro cerdos y se tomaron para estudio muestras de intestino delgado, estómago, hígado, páncreas, corazón, pulmones, riñones y bazo. Las lesiones determinadas fueron congestión, edema, y hemorragia; se asignó un valor según el grado de presentación: ausente (0), leve (1), leve-moderada (2), moderada-severa (3), severa (4). Los animales fueron pesados al destete y en el momento de sacrificio. Se encontraron diferencias (P < 0.01) en la aparición macroscópica de lesiones, peso de órganos, temperatura rectal y ganancia de peso. Los mayores valores se encontraron en el día uno posdestete y los menores en el día cinco; no obstante, para el día diez posdestete se observó una recuperación de las lesiones. La variable ocurrencia de diarreas presentó un comportamiento posdestete diferente y tendió a disminuir (P < 0.01).

Increasing of industrialization and population has resulted in the accumulation of a wide variety of chemicals. Especially, widespread use of synthetic and toxic chemicals have led to an effort to improve new technologies to reduce or eliminate these contaminants from the environment. Chemical methods that used for the treatment of toxic materials are expensive, time-consuming and difficult, especially in extensive agricultural areas. Furthermore these methods led to formation of new chemical pollutants. Recent years, one promising alternative treatment method is to use of microorganisms for the biodegradation of these toxic chemicals. This method is effective, minimally hazardous, economical, versatile and environment friendly. In this study, we thought that microflora of insecticide resistant insects may be a potential reservoir for the isolation of new bacteria that can be used for the biodegradation of insecticides. In this research work, totally 24 bacterial isolates capable of biodegradation α-endosulsan were isolated from the body microflora of insects belong to Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Mantodea and Hymenoptera orders. Based on the some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and fatty acid profiles they were identified as Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Flavimonas and Rhodococcus. As a result, these isolates can be used for the treatment of α-endosulfan residues at different environments.

A characterization and analysis of the production systems of aromatic, medicinal and spice plants (AMSP) was carried out in La Molana, Atrato-Chocó, Colombia throughout the identification of their biophysical, socioeconomic and financial characteristics, in order to propose agroecological alternatives that solve the problems and identified needs in said systems; applying methodologies and evaluation indicators of agricultural systems addressed to sustainable rural development, design, implementation and evaluation of agroforestry arrangements, agroforestry systems accompanied by WOST analysis, and agroforestry planning of productive units (APPU), this information was collected through the application of a focal workshop and semi-structured questionnaires to 40 farm producers. Therefore, eight productive units (UP) with four plots and four rooftop, which was characterized throughout a simple random sampling without replacement. The results indicate that these farm producers destine 15.6 ha to AMSP production, from which 11 ha are crops structured in plots within forests and 4.6 ha are destined to crops in roofs around the houses. The units produce on average, 110 units (bunches) per week, which are offered to informal vendors in the market place of Quibdo-Choco, Colombia with prices which ranged from COP $ 1000 to COP $ 3000 according to plant size and species. Likewise, was determined that the economic incomes of the AMSP units depend mainly on the following planted species: Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.), cimarron (Eryngium foetidum L.), Albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), which are the most economically important species in the study area. | Se realizó la caracterización y análisis de los sistemas productivos de plantas aromáticas, medicinales y condimentarias (PAMC) de La Molana, Atrato-Chocó, Colombia a través de la identificación de sus características biofísicas, socioeconómicas y financieras, con el fin de proponer alternativas agroecológicas que solucionen los problemas y necesidades identificados en dichos sistemas; aplicando las metodologías e indicadores de evaluación de sistemas agrícolas hacia el desarrollo sostenible, Diseño, implementación y evaluación de arreglos agroforestales, Sistemas Agroforestales acompañado del análisis DOFA, y planificación agroforestal de unidades productivas (PAF), dicha información fue recopilada a través de la aplicación de un taller focal y cuestionarios semiestructurados a 40 productores. Se caracterizaron ocho unidades productivas (UP), cuatro parcelas y cuatro azoteas, a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple sin reposición. Los resultados señalan que estos productores destinan 15.6 ha a la producción de PAMC, de las cuales 11 ha son de cultivos en parcelas dentro de bosques y 4.6 ha son destinadas a cultivos en azoteas alrededor de las viviendas. Las unidades producen en promedio, 110 unidades (manojos) semanales que son ofrecidos a vendedores informales en la plaza de mercado de Quibdó-Chocó, Colombia a precios que van desde COP $1000 hasta COP $3000 de acuerdo al tamaño y la especie. De igual modo se determinó que los ingresos económicos de las UP de PAMC dependen principalmente de las siguientes especies sembradas en las parcelas: Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.), cimarrón (Eryngium foetidum L.), Albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) y Orégano (Origanum vulgare L.), las cuales son las especies de mayor importancia económica en la zona de estudio.