Knowledge of root architecture is significant since it influences on pathways from, photosynthesis products, water and nutrient movement. This study purposed to elucidate root mass, root length, root/shoot ratio, root/total mass ratio and above-ground characteristics in Vicia pannonica Crantz., Carthamus tinctorius L. and Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L. with taproot and Triticum aestivum L., Hordeum vulgare L. conv. distichon, X Triticosecale Wittmack, Avena sativa L. and Secale cereale L. with fibrous roots at 200 cm long tubes under field-grown condition. Crop harvesting is based on early and late growth stages of cereal crops. The results indicated that winter field crops had a wide range of differences with regard to root and above-ground traits at both growth stages. The root traits of field crop species varied considerably from 0.3 to 5.9 g and 2.4 to 11.9 g for root mass and 84.7 to 127.7 cm and 84.5 to 166 cm for root length at early and late growth stages respectively, while shoot mass was between 0.3–5.7 g and 5.5–29.8 g. Furthermore, the percentage distribution of root mass accumulated in 0-20 cm root length at early and late growth stages, ranged between 52.3 to 81.4 % and 27.7 to 75.2 %, respectively. The findings showed that crops with taproot had less root and shoot mass and shorter root length than cereals with fibrous roots at both growth stages. This study also significantly advances our understanding of root-shoot competition by comparing the agronomical traits of winter field crops with tap and fibrous roots at different growth stages.

KOP region covers Aksaray, Karaman, Konya, Niğde Nevşehir, Yozgat, Kırıkkale and Kırşehir provinces. KOP region has an area of 95,580 km² about 12,3%, with 4.515.046 population about 5,4% and 12,3% of agricultural lands of Turkey. KOP Region has 13.1 % grassland and 9,4% of the area of forage crops cultivation and in terms of production forage crops 15,8% of Turkey. KOP region has also 2.150.920 head of cattle (11,8% of the Turkey), and whit 5.431.031 head of small ruminant (%10,9 of the Turkey). 3.032.086 tons of milk is produced in the KOP region (13,2% of the Turkey). It is produced in the KOP region that 11,9% of Turkey's total red meat production. Livestock and forage crops production has an important place in 8 provinces of the KOP region. In this study, the current situation of livestock, pasture and forage crops cultivation in KOP provinces were evaluated and its effects on regional and country development were examined. Since there are 1.608.530 tons of forage deficit in the KOP region, the production of forage should be increased. In order to increase animal production in the region by the KOP Administration, efforts towards expanding modern techniques and improving livestock infrastructure should continue and animal husbandry activities should continue to be supported with new projects.

Sustainable agriculture can be defined as the creation of an agricultural structure using agricultural technologies that do not harm the environment in addition to the protection of Natural Resources in the long term. In Turkey, as in the developed countries of the world, intensive (traditional or intensive) agricultural production is used without considering the negative consequences of processing techniques and technologies while using synthetic production inputs without supervision. Today, these applications have started to attract as much attention as waste industry or urban pollution with their effects on the determination of natural balance and the ability to create life hazard that can reach all living beings as well as human beings through the food chain. Therefore, organic farming techniques that meet quality, health and environmental standards play a key role by avoiding the use of unnatural inputs such as pharmaceuticals, synthetic fertilizers. Organic agriculture, which is important for the reflection of sustainable agriculture in practice, has started to be seen as a necessity, especially with the development of environmental awareness in recent years. In this study, it is aimed to explain the basic principles of organic agriculture, which we believe are necessary for sustainable agriculture in the 8 villages, namely Umut, Günbalı, Yenisu, Mehmetçik, Güçlü, Akpınar, Güzel, Anaz and 3 towns (Kısas, Konuklu and Çamlıdere) in Şanlıurfa. According to the results of the survey, almost 30% of farmers were found to grow organic products. At the time of purchase, they answered the question of which products do you pay attention to organic, and more than half (54.8%) of the surveyed farmers responded that they pay attention to food. 45.18% of the surveyed farmers stated that they did not pay attention to anything in shopping.

In this study, the genetic and non-genetic parameters were estimated for growth traits of Karacabey merino sheep. Growth performance data refer to 1863 lambs born between 2016 and 2018. Analyses were carried out by restricted maximum likelihood fitting animal models and disregarding or including maternal genetic or maternal permanent environmental effect. Six different animal model were fitted for all traits, and the most suitable model for each trait was chosen after Akaike information criterion test (AIC). Year of birth, age of dam, type of birth and lamb sex were significant sources of variation on birth weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), Kleiber ratio (KR), weaning weight (WW) and six month weight (6MW). Direct heritability (h^2) for BW, ADG and 6MW were 0.12, 0.02 and 0.04, respectively, however, for KR and WW were 0.00 model 6 (which the best). The estimates of maternal heritability (m^2) for ADG, KR and WW were 0.12, 0.04 and 0.04, respectively in model 5, also maternal heritability were low for BW and 6MW. Maternal permanent environmental effects (c^2) have high contribution to the explanation growth traits and were estimated between 0.19 and 0.75 for these traits. These results showed that selecting for improved maternal and/or direct effects for Karacabey merino in the herd would generate very slow genetic improvement in growth traits.

This study was carried out in the research field of Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University. The research was conducted to determine the optimum planting time of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) in Kahramanmaraş ecological conditions. The experiment was established as a randomized block design with three replications. Mung bean seeds were sown at five different sowing times (30 March, 15 April, 30 April, 15 May and 30 May). According to the results of the research, it was found that the differences among the averages of all traits except for plant height, number of seeds in pods and NDF ratio were significant. In the research, the emerging time of seedlings, 50% flowering period, 50% encapsulation period, 50% maturation period and plant height ranged from 6.33 to 14.67 days, 50.00 to 67.33 days, 57 to 70 days, 73.67 to 99.00 days and 36.43-41.70 cm respectively. When the values related to pod formation were examined, it was found that the first pod height, pod length, the number of pods, the number of seeds per pod and seed yield were between 11.82-21.70 cm, 9.06-10.63 cm, 9.43-23.93 pcs/plant, 9.90-10.27 pcs/pod and 25.00-74.21 kg/da, respectively. In addition, it was determined that the number of leaves, fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, crude ash ratio, ADF ratio and NDF ratio were between 47.30-73.77 pcs/plant, 960.00-1512.38 kg/da, 232.35-316.59 kg/da, 13.03-16.91%, 22.17-29.12% and 55.06-56.05%, respectively.

Bu çalışma, Konya Ovası Projesi (KOP) Bölgesi’nin 2009-2018 yılları arasındaki tarım alet ve makina varlığı ile tarımsal mekanizasyon özelliklerindeki değişimin saptanması amacıyla ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın materyalini KOP Bölgesi’ndeki illerin 2009-2018 yılları arasındaki tarım alet ve makinaları istatistiksel verileri oluşturmuştur. 2009-2018 yıllarına ait traktör sayısı, traktör güç dağılımı ve tarım alanı değerlerinden yararlanılarak tarımsal mekanizasyon özellikleri ile bu özellikler arası ilişkiler belirlenmiş ve karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Karşılaştırmalarda; ortalama traktör gücü (kW), birim alana düşen traktör gücü (kW/ha), 1000 hektar tarım alanına düşen traktör sayısı (adet/1000 ha) ve bir traktöre düşen tarım alanı (ha/traktör) kriterleri esas alınmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, KOP Bölgesi’nin 2009 ve 2018 yılları verileri sırasıyla, ortalama traktör gücü 38,21 kW ve 38,91 kW, birim alana düşen traktör gücü 1,21 kW/ha ve 1,56 kW/ha, 1000 hektar alana düşen traktör sayısı 31,75 adet/1000 ha ve 40,09 adet/1000 ha ve bir traktöre düşen tarım alanı 31,50 ha/traktör ve 24,94 ha/traktör olarak belirlenmiştir.

Tourism industry is one of the primary sectors that contribute to economic growth of countries worldwide. Since it requires appropriate weather conditions and clean environment, climate changes can significantly affect the sector. Therefore, this study examines the causality and long-run relationship between the climate change and tourism sector in Turkey. To estimate the potential long-run relationship between variables, Granger-Causality test is applied to data from 1960 to 2016. The study uses World Development Indicator Data released by World Bank. For the analysis, carbon-dioxide emission, methane emission, energy use (oil equivalent), and forest land are standing for climate change indicators. International tourist arrivals and tourism revenues represent for tourism sector’s variables. The findings show that there is a negative and significant coefficient of climate change on tourism sector. Also, in average, climatic change indicators have unidirectional and negative impact on international tourism revenue. Another finding is that climate change deteriorates to environment by augmenting carbon dioxide emission and methane emission. As a result, climatic change can weaken the tourism industry which can decrease the speed of Turkey’s economic development. In the long run, this research can pioneer assessing the economic and environmental impacts of climate change in the tourism sector bases.

It is commonly well-known that biofilms are the predominant mode of bacterial growth, reflected in the clinic observations, where approximately 80% of all bacterial infections are related to biofilms. Bacteria in biofilms are well protected against environmental stresses, antibiotics, disinfectants and the host’s immune system and are usually extremely difficult to eradicate. Due to common problems caused by biofilms, alternative anti-biofilm strategies must be developed. Enterococcus strains are able to form complex surface-associated communities (biofilms), which contribute to its resistance and persistence in both host and non-host environments, and are especially important in food processing and clinical environments. Enterococcus biofilms showed increased antimicrobial resistance to the most of antibiotics as compared to the planktonic bacteria, which make them difficult to combat. There is an increasing evidence that biofilms are often associated with infectious diseases. Novel anti-biofilm strategies must be designed to include natural bio products instead of common antibiotics. Mushrooms are a nutritionally functional foods and a source of pharmaceuticals having functions such as antitumor, immunomodulating, antioxidant, cardiovascular, anti-hypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antifungal, detoxification, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic. In addition, they have a notable activity against biofilms. In this study, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of some medicinal and edible mushrooms, namely Morchella angusticeps Peck, Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., Cerioporus squamosus (Huds.) Quél., Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd and Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Singer were screened against multi drug resistant Enterococcus strains. As a result, it was observed that these mushrooms have notable potency to develop alternative medicines to struggle infectious diseases and biofilms.

Turkey is one of the major garlic producing country in the world and the significant amount of Turkey’s production has been made using a garlic variety called Taşköprü garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Kastamonu, Turkey. In order to improve the quality of garlic production, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different doses of leonardite organic fertilizer, mineral fertilizer NPK and the mixture of both the leonardite and NPK fertilizers on the soil properties and mean performances of different characters and yield production of Taşköprü garlic. The treatments were: the plots without leonardite and NPK fertilizers (Control), (2) 80 N kg ha-1 + 40 kg ha-1 P2O5 + 100 kg ha-1 K2O (MF), (3) 2.6 ton ha-1 leonardite (Leo1), (4) 6.9 ton ha-1 leonardite (Leo2), (5) 9.7 ton ha-1 leonardite (Leo3), (6) Leo1 + MF, (7) Leo2 + MF and Leo3 + MF. Most soil characteristics and the different characters and yield production of Taşköprü garlic statistically varied between the different fertilizer treatments. The plots with the Leo3MF application showed the highest soil organic C, N, P and K concentrations, and the SOCstock and TNstock, while it had the highest bulb weight, length, equatorial diameter, weight of cloves, width of cloves, length of cloves as well as bulb yield per decare. Of the soil properties, the garlic yield was strongly positively correlated with the soil N concentration, indicating that the applications of leonardite with the different doses or the mixture of leonardite with the mineral fertilizer were resulting in higher soil N concentration and thus having the greatest effect on the garlic yields.

Antifreeze proteins are those proteins that have ability to protect the organism against environmental conditions at temperatures below zero, and to resize the shape and size of ice crystals. Due to these properties, they prevent food from sensory, structural and mechanical damages during the storage in cold and they extend the product shelf life. In this review, the types and structure of antifreeze proteins, their mechanism of action and the possibilities of use in food are presented.