Abstract: The discussion about the governance of agricultural cooperatives has emphasized that a better allocation of property rights interferes with the competitiveness of this business model in the increasingly internationalized and deregulated market. This study seeks a greater deepening of the allocation of property rights in agricultural cooperatives in Mato Grosso do Sul/Brazil. The qualitative research was carried out in 4 agricultural cooperatives, two considered an emerging model and two traditional cooperatives. The investigation was conducted through the analysis of minutes of Ordinary General Meetings, statutes, and semi-structured interviews with managers and presidents. It was observed that the agricultural cooperatives, seen as an emerging model, where there is a selection of new members and act in a purchasing pool format, demonstrate an evolution concerning the traditional model by pointing to a greater professionalization of management, evidence of the separation between property and management. Moreover, the emerging model becomes more attractive than the traditional one by efficiently allocating the residual rights (earnings).

Abstract: The Brazilian Forest Code restricts landowners’ uses of the land. Changes in property rights are therefore the core element of the program. In this paper the new institutional literature on property rights is used to analyze the main difficulties involved in such a re-specification of rights. Four concepts from this literature are described and applied to better understand the issues that have hindered the program in the past and that affect the current version of the program initiated in 2012: (i) property rights as a ‘bundle of rights’, (ii) evolution of property rights, (iii) path dependence; and Ostrom’s 8 design principles. The paper argues that the key issue for the Forest Code is the level of uncertainty of the gap between the de jure and de facto specification of property rights.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar um tipo específico de conflito fundiário, referente ao processo de invasões de terras (ocupações) realizadas por organizações de movimentos sociais no Brasil. No atual conflito, as invasões tornaram-se o principal instrumento de "pressão" sobre os governos para a execução da reforma agrária. Por outro lado, os produtores rurais questionam a legalidade das invasões e pleiteiam o cumprimento imediato dos mandados de reintegração de posse. Tendo como marco institucional a MP 2027-38/2000 (conhecida como lei "antiinvasão"), mais o relatório de invasões da Federação de Agricultura do Estado do Paraná (Faep), foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa empírica junto aos produtores rurais das principais áreas de conflito, compreendendo as invasões de terra entre 2000 e 2006. Com base na Nova Economia Institucional e nos resultados da literatura empírica sobre direitos de propriedade, a presente pesquisa analisou a relação entre as variáveis "tempo de invasão" (proxy para a insegurança do direito de propriedade) e o "nível de produtividade da terra" (proxy para investimento), comparando diferentes grupos de produtores e sua produtividade antes e depois da invasão. Os resultados descritivos apontaram importantes efeitos sobre as decisões de investimentos dos produtores e uma complexidade maior entre a relação das variáveis analisadas. | The objective of this paper is to study the invasions (occupation) of land properties held by the so called Brazilian social movements. This conflict concerns the disputes between farmers and social movements, in which the landowners questioned the legality of the invasion for agrarian reform and compliance with the immediate mandate of reinstatement of possession when there is invasion of property. On the side of the social movements, land invasions have become the main form of pressure) to speed up expropriation processes and settlements. Having as institutional landmark, the "anti-invasion Law", associated with the report on properties invaded released by the Federation of Agriculture of the State of Parana (Faep in Portuguese), it was developed an empirical model applied to land owners in conflict areas encompassing invasions occurred over 2000 and 2006. Based on the premises of the New Institutional Economics and on the analysis of land property rights and private investments, this study examined the relation between the variable "invasion period" (proxy for the property right insecurity) and "land productivity level" (proxy for investment), by comparing farmers productivity before and after the invasion. The descriptive results showed important effects on investment decisions of producers and a greater complexity of the relationship between variables.