ABSTRACT The use of wastewater has emerged as alternative to control environmental pollution and a viable option to improved water availability in the arid and semiarid zones. In this study, the effects of irrigation solution with domestic sewage effluent and, of growing substrate on growth of Aroeira seedlings was examined in a greenhouse experiment. The effects of five irrigation solution (Public-supply water, PSW, domestic sewage effluent, DSE and the mixtures of 75% DSE + 25% PSW, 50% DSE + 50% PSW and 25% DSE + 75% PSW) and two growing substrate (75% soil + 25% bovine manure and, 75% soil + 25% coconut fiber) were used in a completely randomized block design, arranged as split plots with three replications for each treatment. The evaluations were made at 30, 60, 90 and 150 days after planting, and the parameters following were measured: stem diameter, shoot height, relationship between height and diameter, shoot/root dry matter ratio, dry matter of the root, shoot and total and, Dickson index. The analysis results indicated that the irrigation solution composed by raw sewage effluent or mixed with Public-supply water increased the growth and improved morphological index of Aroeira seedlings, being the better development found when plant of Aroeira were grown in bovine manure + soil substrate under irrigation with solution containing 100% domestic sewage effluent. | RESUMO O uso das águas residuais tem despontado como uma alternativa para o controle da poluição ambiental e uma opção viável para aumentar a disponibilidade hídrica nas regiões áridas e semiáridas. Neste estudo, os efeitos da água de irrigação com efluente de esgoto doméstico e do substrato de cultivo sob o crescimento de mudas de Aroeira foram estudados em um experimento em condições de ambiente protegido. Foram testados cinco soluções de irrigação (Água de abastecimento - AA, Efluente de esgoto doméstico bruto - ED e as misturas de 75% ED + 25% AA, 50% ED + 50% AA e 25% ED + 75% AA) e dois substratos de cultivos (75% solo + 25% esterco de bovinos e 75% solo + 25% fibra de coco) utilizando o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, arranjadas em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições com três repetições por tratamento. As avaliações de crescimento e desenvolvimento foram realizadas aos 30; 60; 90 e 150 dias após o plantio e determinaram-se as variáveis diâmetro do colo, altura de parte aérea, relação entre altura e o diâmetro, relação matéria seca da parte aérea/matéria seca da raiz, matérias secas do sistema radicular, da parte aérea, total, e o índice de Dickson. As análises dos resultados indicaram que a irrigação com efluente de esgoto aumentou o crescimento e o índice morfológico das mudas de aroeira, sendo o melhor desenvolvimento encontrado quando as plântulas de Aroeira foram cultivadas em substrato de esterco bovino + solo e irrigadas com solução contendo 100% efluente de esgoto doméstico tratado.

The use of wastewater has emerged as alternative to control environmental pollution and a viable option to improved water availability in the arid and semiarid zones. In this study, the effects of irrigation solution with domestic sewage effluent and, of growing substrate on growth of Aroeira seedlings was examined in a greenhouse experiment. The effects of five irrigation solution (Public-supply water, PSW, domestic sewage effluent, DSE and the mixtures of 75% DSE + 25% PSW, 50% DSE + 50% PSW and 25% DSE + 75% PSW) and two growing substrate (75% soil + 25% bovine manure and, 75% soil + 25% coconut fiber) were used in a completely randomized block design, arranged as split plots with three replications for each treatment. The evaluations were made at 30, 60, 90 and 150 days after planting, and the parameters following were measured: stem diameter, shoot height, relationship between height and diameter, shoot/root dry matter ratio, dry matter of the root, shoot and total and, Dickson index. The analysis results indicated that the irrigation solution composed by raw sewage effluent or mixed with Public-supply water increased the growth and improved morphological index of Aroeira seedlings, being the better development found when plant of Aroeira were grown in bovine manure + soil substrate under irrigation with solution containing 100% domestic sewage effluent.

RESUMO As colunas de percolação, construídas em Laboratório, podem predizer o grau de contaminação nos solos receptores do rejeito da dessalinização da água, podendo ser uma ferramenta de prevenção a impactos ambientais. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a mobilização de íons presentes nos rejeitos salinos proveniente do processo de dessalinização das águas salobras. A mobilização dos íons contaminante no rejeito salino foi estudada em colunas de percolação construída de vidro, as quais foram preenchidas com solos de textura contrastante (CAMBISSOLO Eutrófico, LATOSSOLO Vermelho distrófico, NEOSSOLO Quartzarênico), com três repetições cada, sendo analisada as suas concentrações inicial e final dos íons contaminantes. Para a avaliação do potencial de poluição deste resíduo foi determinado o fator de retardamento e o coeficiente de difusão-dispersão dos íons K+, Cl- e Na+ para cada solo estudado. Houve diferença das curvas de deslocamento dos íons presentes no rejeito salino entre os tipos de solos. O Neossolo apresentou maior velocidade de avanço dos íons K+ e Cl-, ou seja, maior poder de contaminação em subsuperfície para estes íons. No Latossolo, os íons deslocam-se com maior facilidade e, portanto, maior facilidade de contaminação do lençol freático. No Cambissolo houve baixos valores de coeficiente de difusão-dispersão em todos os íons avaliados, ou seja, menor mobilidade dos íons, sendo diretamente influenciados pelos respectivos teores trocáveis. | ABSTRACT Percolation columns constructed in the Laboratory can predict the degree of contamination in soil due to reject brine disposal and can be a tool for reducing environmental impacts. This study aim to evaluate the mobilization of ions in reject brine from desalination process by reverse osmosis. The mobilization of the contaminant ions in the saline waste was studied in glass percolation columns, which were filled with soil of contrasting textures (eutrophic CAMBISOL, typic dystrophic Red OXISOL, ENTISOL Quartzipsamment). Experiments ware repeated three times each, and the initial and final concentrations of the ion contaminants were analyzed. The pollution potential of this wastewater was determined by the retardation factor and dispersion-diffusion coefficient of K+, Cl- and Na+ for each studied soil. The differences in the displacement curves of the ions present in the saline waste among various soil types were analyzed. The Entisol Quartzipsamment showed a higher forward speed of the ions K+ and Cl- (greater retardation factor, i.e., greater power of the subsurface contamination for these ions). In typic dystrophic Red OXISOL, the ions move with greater ease and therefore produced greater groundwater contamination. In eutrophic CAMBISOL, the low coefficient of diffusion-dispersion in all ions was evaluated (i.e., reduced ion mobility is directly influenced by their exchangeable levels).

Percolation columns constructed in the Laboratory can predict the degree of contamination in soil due to reject brine disposal and can be a tool for reducing environmental impacts. This study aim to evaluate the mobilization of ions in reject brine from desalination process by reverse osmosis. The mobilization of the contaminant ions in the saline waste was studied in glass percolation columns, which were filled with soil of contrasting textures (eutrophic CAMBISOL, typic dystrophic Red OXISOL, ENTISOL Quartzipsamment). Experiments ware repeated three times each, and the initial and final concentrations of the ion contaminants were analyzed. The pollution potential of this wastewater was determined by the retardation factor and dispersion-diffusion coefficient of K+, Cl- and Na+ for each studied soil. The differences in the displacement curves of the ions present in the saline waste among various soil types were analyzed. The Entisol Quartzipsamment showed a higher forward speed of the ions K+ and Cl- (greater retardation factor, i.e., greater power of the subsurface contamination for these ions). In typic dystrophic Red OXISOL, the ions move with greater ease and therefore produced greater groundwater contamination. In eutrophic CAMBISOL, the low coefficient of diffusion-dispersion in all ions was evaluated (i.e., reduced ion mobility is directly influenced by their exchangeable levels).

RESUMO Estabelecer os efeitos da aplicação de águas residuárias nos atributos químicos do solo permite o reúso agrícola seguro desses efluentes. Objetivou-se avaliar as alterações nos atributos químicos de um Latossolo no semiárido, cultivado com banana 'Prata-Anã' fertirrigada com diferentes doses de água residuária sanitária após tratamento terciário (ART) da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Janaúba - MG. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos completos casualizados. As doses de ART avaliadas foram equivalentes a 70, 130, 170 e 200% do limite de 150 kg ha-1 ano-1 de Na aportado ao solo, sendo também conduzido uma testemunha, sem ART. Ao final do primeiro ciclo de cultivo, foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0-0,2, 0,2-0,4, 0,4-0,6 e 0,6-0,8 m, determinando-se alguns atributos químicos. O uso de ART aumenta o pH do solo e reduz o teor de Al trocável, contribuindo para a substituição parcial do uso de corretivos de acidez. No entanto, com o aumento no teor de Na mais rápido que a CE do solo ao final do primeiro ciclo de produção da bananeira 'Prata-anã', há tendência de alterações nas propriedades físicas do solo em longo prazo, com a utilização da ART. No curto prazo, o uso de ART não influencia os teores de MOS, P, Ca, Mg, H+Al, V e os micronutrientes no solo. As modificações nos atributos químicos do solo ao final do primeiro ciclo de produção da bananeira não se apresentam restritivas para o cultivo. | ABSTRACT Determining the effects of using wastewater as fertilizer on soil chemical properties allows a safe reuse of this effluent in agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of fertigation with tertiary treated wastewater (TTW) from the Janaúba sewage treatment plant on chemical properties of a Latosol (Oxisol) with banana crops of the Prata-Anã cultivar in the semiarid region of Brazil. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used to test four TTW rates (70%, 130%, 170%, and 200% of the limit of 150 kg ha-1 year-1 of Na that can be applied to the soil) and compare them to a control without TTW. Soil samples from the 0.0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, and 0.6-0.8 m layers were collected at the end of the first crop cycle to evaluate soil chemical properties-pH, soil organic matter (SOM), P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, potential acidity (H+Al), base saturation, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, remaining P, and electrical conductivity (EC). The use of TTW increases soil pH and decreases exchangeable Al content, thus, reduces the need for liming. However, Na contents increased faster than EC in the soil, indicating that the use of TTW tends to alter soil physical properties over time. The use of TTW had no effect on the soil OM, P, Ca, Mg, and micronutrients contents, potential acidity, and base saturation. The changes in soil chemical attributes observed at the end of the first crop cycle were not limiting to the banana crop.

Determining the effects of using wastewater as fertilizer on soil chemical properties allows a safe reuse of this effluent in agriculture. This study evaluated the effects of fertigation with tertiary treated wastewater (TTW) from the Janaúba sewage treatment plant on chemical properties of a Latosol (Oxisol) with banana crops of the Prata-Anã cultivar in the semiarid region of Brazil. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used to test four TTW rates (70%, 130%, 170%, and 200% of the limit of 150 kg ha-1 year-1 of Na that can be applied to the soil) and compare them to a control without TTW. Soil samples from the 0.0-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, and 0.6-0.8 m layers were collected at the end of the first crop cycle to evaluate soil chemical properties-pH, soil organic matter (SOM), P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, potential acidity (H+Al), base saturation, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, remaining P, and electrical conductivity (EC). The use of TTW increases soil pH and decreases exchangeable Al content, thus, reduces the need for liming. However, Na contents increased faster than EC in the soil, indicating that the use of TTW tends to alter soil physical properties over time. The use of TTW had no effect on the soil OM, P, Ca, Mg, and micronutrients contents, potential acidity, and base saturation. The changes in soil chemical attributes observed at the end of the first crop cycle were not limiting to the banana crop.

RESUMO O semiárido nordestino enfrenta umas das mais severas secas dos últimos séculos, resultando em reduções severas na produção agrícola. A escassez hídrica na agricultura exige práticas de uso racional e reaproveitamento da água como, por exemplo, a utilização de efluentes de esgoto doméstico . Alternativamente pode-se destacar o uso de esgoto doméstico tratado para irrigação de espécies forrageiras, como a palma. Objetivando avaliar os efeitos da fertirrigação com efluente de esgoto doméstico tratado sob a composição mineral de nutriente em palma forrageira (Opuntia Tuna L. Mill, Orelha-de-elefante Mexicana), foi conduzido um experimento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 3 x (4 + 1), com 4 repetições, sendo três densidades de plantio (66.667,00; 52.282,00 e 33.333,00 plantas ha-1) e duas fontes hídrica associadas a frequência de irrigação com lâmina fixa de 3,5 mm por rega (Frequências de 2,3 dias com água de abastecimento e de 7, 14 e 21 dias com Efluente de Esgoto) e, palma cultivada em sequeiro (testemunha). As análises dos teores nutricionais dos cladódios indicam que houve efeito significativo dos intervalos entre eventos de irrigação apenas para as concentrações de Ca e Mg. Os maiores teores de Ca e Mg foram encontrados com a frequência de irrigação de 2,3 utilizando água de abastecimento. Os macronutrientes em maior quantidade pela palma forrageira foram N e K seguido de Ca, Mg e P. O balanço nutricional indicou excesso de K e P e déficit de N, Ca e Mg, nesta ordem. | ABSTRACT The northeastern semiarid region faces some of the droughts of the last centuries, resulting in serious reductions of agriculture yields. The water scarcity for agricultural requires rational use practices and reuse of water, such as use of domestic effluent sewage. Alternatively, the use of treated domestic sewage effluent utilizing for irrigation of forage species, such as the forage cactus, can be highlighted. In order to evaluate the effects of fertirrigation with treated sewage effluent on mineral nutrient composition of forage cactus (Opuntia Tuna L. Mill, Mexican elephant ear), an experiment was carried out utilizing a split plot 3 x (4 + 1) with a randomized complete block design randomized block and four replications, being three planting density (66,667.00, 52,282.00 and 33,333.00 plants ha-1) and two water sources associated with irrigation frequency of plates fixed on 3.5 mm per irrigation (Frequencies of 2.3 days with water tap and 7, 14 and 21 days with Sewage Effluent) and cactus cultivated in Rainfed agriculturerainfed (control). The analyze of the nutritional contents of cladodes indicated that there was a significant effect of the intervals from irrigation events only for Ca and Mg concentrations. The highest levels of Ca and Mg were found with the irrigation frequency of 2.3 using tap water. The macronutrients concentration in greater quantity by the forage cactus were N e, K followed by, Ca, Mg and P. The nutritional balance indicated excess of K and P and deficiency of N, Ca and Mg, in this order.

The northeastern semiarid region faces some of the droughts of the last centuries, resulting in serious reductions of agriculture yields. The water scarcity for agricultural requires rational use practices and reuse of water, such as use of domestic effluent sewage. Alternatively, the use of treated domestic sewage effluent utilizing for irrigation of forage species, such as the forage cactus, can be highlighted. In order to evaluate the effects of fertirrigation with treated sewage effluent on mineral nutrient composition of forage cactus (Opuntia Tuna L. Mill, Mexican elephant ear), an experiment was carried out utilizing a split plot 3 x (4 + 1) with a randomized complete block design randomized block and four replications, being three planting density (66,667.00, 52,282.00 and 33,333.00 plants ha-1) and two water sources associated with irrigation frequency of plates fixed on 3.5 mm per irrigation (Frequencies of 2.3 days with water tap and 7, 14 and 21 days with Sewage Effluent) and cactus cultivated in Rainfed agriculturerainfed (control). The analyze of the nutritional contents of cladodes indicated that there was a significant effect of the intervals from irrigation events only for Ca and Mg concentrations. The highest levels of Ca and Mg were found with the irrigation frequency of 2.3 using tap water. The macronutrients concentration in greater quantity by the forage cactus were N e, K followed by, Ca, Mg and P. The nutritional balance indicated excess of K and P and deficiency of N, Ca and Mg, in this order.

ABSTRACT The rate of swine wastewater application (SW) in agricultural production could result in the replacement of chemical fertilizers. However, SW destroys soil physical properties by decreasing pore bulk, which negatively affects both crop yield and development. In this context, this study aimed at monitoring the influence of swine wastewater as a cover fertilizer in maize and black oats in sequence on soil physical properties. Five application rates (0, 100, 200, 300 and 537 m3ha - 1 equivalent to 0, 11.2, 22.3, 33.5 and 60 kg ha-1 N, respectively, based on the average nitrogen concentration in SW) were tested with four replications each. In the studied area, soil porosity, density, and water content, before maize sowing and at the end of the cycles of maize and black oats, were determined by the volumetric ring method. Data were submitted for regression analyses. There was a reduction in the macroporosity and total porosity of the soil when the SW application rate, before maize cultivation, was higher. The introduction of black oats helped to improve the physical quality of the soil and reduced the compaction of the surface layer from 0 to 15 cm and 100 to 300 m3 ha-1 SW rates. | RESUMO As taxas de aplicação de águas residuárias de suinocultura (ARS) utilizadas na produção agrícola podem substituir a adubação convencional, mas também podem prejudicar atributos físicos do solo pela diminuição do volume de poros, e consequentemente o rendimento e desenvolvimento das culturas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi monitorar a influência do uso da água residuária de suinocultura como adubação de cobertura na cultura do milho e aveia preta em sequência sobre atributos físicos do solo. Cinco taxas de aplicação (0; 100; 200; 300 e 537 m3ha-1 sendo equivalentes a 0; 11,2; 22,3; 33,5 e 60 kg ha-1 de N, respectivamente, baseado na concentração média de N na ARS) foram testadas, com quatro repetições cada. No solo, foram determinados porosidade do solo, densidade, teor de água antes da semeadura do milho e ao final dos ciclos do milho e aveia preta, pelo método do anel volumétrico. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de regressão. Houve redução da macroporosidade e porosidade total do solo quanto maior a taxa de aplicação na cultura do milho. A introdução da aveia preta contribuiu para melhorar a qualidade física do solo e reduziu a compactação na camada superficial de 0-15 cm, para taxas de ARS de100 a 300 m3 ha-1.

The rate of swine wastewater application (SW) in agricultural production could result in the replacement of chemical fertilizers. However, SW destroys soil physical properties by decreasing pore bulk, which negatively affects both crop yield and development. In this context, this study aimed at monitoring the influence of swine wastewater as a cover fertilizer in maize and black oats in sequence on soil physical properties. Five application rates (0, 100, 200, 300 and 537 m3ha - 1 equivalent to 0, 11.2, 22.3, 33.5 and 60 kg ha-1 N, respectively, based on the average nitrogen concentration in SW) were tested with four replications each. In the studied area, soil porosity, density, and water content, before maize sowing and at the end of the cycles of maize and black oats, were determined by the volumetric ring method. Data were submitted for regression analyses. There was a reduction in the macroporosity and total porosity of the soil when the SW application rate, before maize cultivation, was higher. The introduction of black oats helped to improve the physical quality of the soil and reduced the compaction of the surface layer from 0 to 15 cm and 100 to 300 m3 ha-1 SW rates.

RESUMO: As comunidades rurais situadas no Nordeste brasileiro, em especial na região semiárida, convivem com a escassez de água resultante da irregularidade das chuvas nesta região. O presente trabalho propôs cultivar a erva sal (Atriplex nummularia) no Projeto de assentamento Rural Boa Fé, Mossoró/RN como alternativa à deposição do rejeito salino para a produção de forragem. O delineamento estatístico foi parcelas subdivididas, sendo quatro tratamentos nas parcelas, referentes a irrigação com rejeito salino em diferentes níveis de umidade do solo tendo como base a umidade na Capacidade de Campo (CC) (100, 85, 70 e 50% da CC) e nas subparcelas, dois níveis de adubação orgânica (não adubado e adubado), com quatro repetições. Foram analisadas variáveis de produção e qualidade da forragem da erva sal. Observou-se que, a erva sal possui boa capacidade de produção de matéria fresca e seca sob um nível de 85% de umidade do solo em relação à sua capacidade de campo, apresentando mínimas perdas de rendimento, porém, mostrou-se produtiva mesmo com o solo mais seco. A produtividade total foi satisfatória mostrando sua viabilidade para a produção de forragem. | ABSTRACT: Rural communities located in the Brazilian Northeast, especially in the semiarid zone, live with water shortages resulting from erratic rainfall. This work proposes the cultivation of saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) in the Rural Settlement Project of Boa Fé, Mossoró/RN as alternative to the disposal of reject brine from desalination plant on yield of forage. The statistical design was a split-plot design, being four treatments at the plots, related to irrigation with reject brine water, at different levels of soil moisture by moisture from Field Capacity (FC) (100, 85, 70 and 50% of FC) and in subplots and two levels of organic manure (without fertilized and fertilized) with four replications. The variables of yield and forage quality of saltbush were analyzed. It was observed that saltbush has a great production capacity in terms of fresh matter and drought for saltbush under a level of 85% soil moisture in relation to the field capacity of soil, presenting minimal loss of yield; however, this proved to be productive even with the dry soil. The total yield was satisfactory, showing its viability for forage production.

Rural communities located in the Brazilian Northeast, especially in the semiarid zone, live with water shortages resulting from erratic rainfall. This work proposes the cultivation of saltbush ( Atriplex nummularia ) in the Rural Settlement Project of Boa Fé, Mossoró/RN as alternative to the disposal of reject brine from desalination plant on yield of forage. The statistical design was a split - plot design, being four treatments at the plots, related to irrigation with reject brine water, at different levels of soil moisture by moisture from Field Capacity (FC) (100, 85, 70 and 50% of FC) and in subplots and two levels of organic manure (without fertilized and fertilized) with four replications. The variables of yield and forage quality of saltbush were analyzed. It was observed that saltbush has a great production capacity in terms of fresh matter and drought for saltbush under a level of 85% soil moisture in relation to the field capacity of soil, presenting minimal loss of yield; however, this proved to be productive even with the dry soil. The total yield was satisfactory, showing its viability for forage production.