The increase of the shrimp and fruit crop has devastated the carnauba, evidencing the importance of reforest projects and of researches aiming to the production of seedlings. It was aimed to evaluate the effect of imbibition of seeds and shading on the emergence and quality of carnauba seedlings. The treatments were disposed in a randomized design arranged in split-plot with the shading conditions (without shading and shading all day, during the morning and during the afternoon) as the main factor and the types of seeds (imbibed and non-imbibed seeds) as secondary factor. The imbibed seeds were immersed in water until theprotrusion of the cotyledonary petiole. To the shading conditions was used black screen (50%). After 120 days of the sowing, we evaluated the percentage (PE), speed index (IVE) and mean time of emergency (TME), the ratio between the aerial part length and stem¿s diameter (CPA/DC) and quality index of Dickson (IQD). By the PE and IVE, higher viability was verified and vigor in imbibed seeds. By the TME, higher vigor was observed to the seedlings produced under full sunshine and with shading during the afternoon, which had higher quality according to CPA/DC. By the IQD, better balance was observed in the seedling from imbibed seeds and in the seedlings produced under full sunshine. It is concluded that the carnauba seeds imbibition provides higher emergency percentage, accelerates this process and provides better quality of seedlings. Carnauba seedlings produced under full sunshine presents faster emergency and higher quality.

The objective of this research was to characterize the nutritional limitations of Jatropha curcas, in addition the effect of the absence of certain nutrients in the growth of the plant. The research was carried in the greenhouse conditions at Agriculture Science Institute of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The soil was used dystrophic Yellow Oxisol, colleted in the superficial layer (0-20cm), under cerrado vegetation. The experimental design was totally randomized with 13 treatments and three replications. The treatments were based on the missing element technique (with omission of liming and each one of the macro and micronutrients). The plants without the nutrients P, K and liming showed less growth. The nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg e liming affected the shoot of plants. The roots were more affected by absence N, P, Mg and Ca. The results allowed concluding that the macronutrients were more limiting to growth of plant.

The Serra de Itabaiana is located near the coast of Sergipe, in the municipalities of Areia Branca and Itabaiana. It is part of the Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiaba, which is characterized as being an ecotone. Orchidaceae Juss. is one of the most diverse families in the world and is the fourth richest in the study area. This paper presents a taxonomic survey of the orchids from the area. The fieldwork was carried out during july 2006 to january 2009 in several habitats of the study area and during the dry and rainy seasons. The vouchersare at UFP Herbarium, with duplicates at ASE, BHCB, HUEFS and RB. The current work registered 25 species belonging to 17 genera. Habenaria (5 spp.) and Epidendrum (3 spp.) were the most diverse. It represents around 70% of the total orchid species recorded for the State of which 14 are new records (see Flora of Brazil, www.jbrj.gov.br). The large number of orchid species, which five of them are endemic to Brazil supports the area as a Conservation Site and reinforces the needs for floristic-taxonomic inventories for a better knowledge of the real diversity of the family in the Brazilian Northeastern.

This paper aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides [MSMA+diuron], [paraquat+diuron], metsulfuron-methyl and 2,4-D in control of volunteer plants of Roundup Ready® soybean, cultivar BRS Valiosa RR® when applied at various stages of development. The experiment was set up in Rio Verde city, in agricultural year 2007/08, using the randomized complete block experimental design in factorial scheme 5 x 3 (herbicide x application times) with four replications. The herbicide treatments were: metsulfuron- methyl (3,0 g ha-1), 2,4-D (1340 g ha-1), [MSMA+diuron] (1.800+700 g ha-1, respectively), [paraquat+diuron] (600+300 g ha-1, respectively) and control without spraying of herbicide; the second factor was the spraying of herbicides on phenological stages (V2, V6 and R2) of soybean plants. It was evaluated the percentage of controlling of volunteer soybean at 7, 14, 28 and 42 days after application (DAA) of herbicides, beyond the plant height and dry matter accumulation in shoots at 42 DAA. It was found that the herbicide treatments [MSMA+diuron] and 2,4-D provided greater control of volunteer plants of RR® soybean at stage V2 and the 2,4-D with spraying at V6. The treatment [paraquat+diuron] was more efficient in controlling at all phenologic stages. The metsufuron-methyl showed greater effectiveness of controlling when the spraying was done at stage R2.

The objective of this paper was to study the effects of molybdenum doses, applied on bean cropunder the conventional and no-tillage systems. Two experiments were carried out in the field: one during winter- spring (winter season), sowed in July 2006, and the other one during summer-fall (dry season), sowed in March 2007. They were conducted in Experimental Station of Coimbra, MG, Universidade Federal de Viçosa. The experiments were carried out in randomized block design with four repetitions and subdivided plots. The plots were represented by the soil management system (conventional or no-tillage), and the subplots were represented by the molybdenum doses (0, 40, 80, 160 and 320 g ha-1). The number of grain per pods, the number of pods per square meter, the weight of 100 grains, grain productivity, number of plants per plot, and nutrient rates in the leaves and grains were evaluated. The number of pods per square meter and grain productivity were increased by Mo doses. The grain productivity in no-tillage system was higher than in the conventional. Productivity and production components in the winter season were higher than in the dry season. Mo rates in the bean leaves increased in response to its application. Mo leaf fertilization increased N (total and organic) rates in bean crops under both plantation systems.

The microbiota soil has an important role as an indicator of the sustainability of agroecosystems, reflecting the environmental changes, particularly the antrophic actions. To evaluate the influence of different fertilizers in populations of Pseudomonas spp, in the common kale was conducted a field experiment with kale at the Agrobiology Embrapa National Center, in Seropédica, RJ, on a Argisol. The experimental design was random blocks in factorial 3 x 4, with treatments (home biosolid, cattle manure and urea fertilization), four dose levels (0, 100, 200 and 400 kg de N.ha-1) and four replicates. The amount of fertilizer applied was given according to the dosage of nitrogen.ha-1 desired. From the rhizosphere, at 15 and 30 days after transplanting the seedlings to the field, we selected strains showing fluorescence under UV light with a wavelength of 366 nm. For grouping the isolates were considered the main morphological characteristics. The majority being identified as Pseudomonas putida (54%) and P. fluorescens (14%), by API 20NE System (bioMérieux, Analytab Products). The results obtained from the reactions of the API 20NE test kit showed a wide variation in the utilization of carbon compounds and enzymatic inter-and intraspecific. Some groups of isolates colonized preferentially the cabbage rhizosphere of plants fertilized with biosolids and different doses of fertilizers used. There were a smaller number of groups present in treatments with urea.

A identificação das similaridades na qualidade das águas subterrâneas pode ajudar a reduzir o número de postos de monitoramento utilizados nos corpos hídricos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar similaridades na qualidade da água subterrânea usando a técnica de estatística multivariada conhecida como análise de agrupamento, no Distrito de Irrigação do Baixo Acaraú (DIBAU), no estado do Ceará. Dez poços rasos distribuídos aleatoriamente no DIBAU foram monitorados regularmente por um período de 27 meses (dez/2003 a nov/2005, nov/2006, mar e abr/2007). Para cada amostra foram analisados pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3 -, SO4 2-, PO4 3-, NH4 +, NO3 -, condutividade elétrica (CE) e razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS). A estatística descritiva, a análise de agrupamento hierárquica e o t-test (1%) foram avaliados utilizando o software SPSS 16.0. No geral, com exceção de dois poços, a água foi classificada como ácida e o pH médio foi menor do que cinco. A concentração de fósforo foi sempre acima do limite recomendado para o consume humano (0,1 mg L-1). Além disso, a qualidade da água subterrânea foi utilizada para definir quatro agrupamentos que foram independentes da posição geográfica dos poços. Os valores de CE e as concentrações de sódio e cloreto distinguiram dois poços (P1 e P7) dos demais, e o pH, o Mg2+ e a RAS determinaram a dissimilaridade dos dois poços entre si.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the control of mound-building termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) by entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana). We developed two experiments, with two copies of application in three sizes of nests. The first was installed in the Salto Macaúba farm and second in the Laboratory of Plant Protection at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul. The first experiment consisted of five repetitions, each nest an experimental unit, with treatments in a factorial 2 (fungi) x 2 (tests) x 2 (type of spraying) + 1 control, distributed completely at random in the area. The treatments were: 1) control - no implementation, 2) Metarril M103 (M. anisopliae) - 10g/mound - dusting, 3) Metarril M103 - 10 g/ mound - via net, 4) Metarril M103 - 15 g/ mound - dusting , 5) Metarril M103 - 15 g/mound - via net, 6) Boveril B102 (B. bassiana) - 10 g/mound - dusting, 7) Boveril B102 - 10 g/mound - via net, 8) Boveril B102 - 15 g/mound - dusting and 9) Boveril B102 - 15 g/mound - via net. The testing of mortality were made spraying of the laboratory with the field measurements performed in compliance with the same separation of the nests. The results suggested that the road dust (dosage of 10 g) of the fungi studied showed higher mortality of nests of small size (53%). B. bassiana (Boveril) (10 g) gave 80% mortality of C. cumulans when applied to nests ofsmall size.

The mobility and persistency of cadmium in the soil are determined by the intensity of adsorption by colloids. The evaluation of the free energy of cadmium adsorption by the soil is a measurement of the reaction strength. This study was carried out to evaluate the free energy of cadmium adsorption reaction in Luvisol and Cambisol samples after addition of different cadmium level. Cadmium adsorption was considered spontaneous, since free energy was negative. Free energy values decreased with increasing cadmium concentration and they were higher in samples with higher organic matter levels. Luvisol showed higher values of free energy of adsorption.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of weed interference with Brachiaria brizantha pasture establishment and regrowth after cutting. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously in randomized complete blocks with four replications. In the first test, forage was grown together with weeds for 0; 7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 42; 49; 56, and 63 days after forage emergence (DAE) and in the second, the forage was maintained weed-free for the same periods. The weed population was evaluated during coexistence period between weeds and forage crop. The forage yield and leaf / stem ratio of B. brizantha were evaluated after forage cutting (63 DAE), and 119 and 289 DAE. Weed growth was strong in coexistence with B. brizantha during pasture formation, causing a reduction in forage yield. The period considered critical in the competition between the weed and forage community lasted from 9 to 26 DAE. However, there were also significant effects on the regrowth of B.brizantha after the second forage cut, in the dry season, showing that pasture recovery after cutting was prejudiced by the competing weeds during the pasture establishment. The competition did not affect the photoassimilate partitioning between leaves and stems in the forage plant.