Banana farming is an activity of great economic and social importance, and is carried out in most tropical countries. The aim of this work was to evaluate the biomass accumulation and levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in micropropagated plants of the banana “Prata Catarina” during the acclimatization phase, under different types and doses of biofertilisers. The experimental design included randomised blocks in a 2 × 5 + (2) factorial scheme, with two types of liquid biofertilisers (bovine biofertiliser with anaerobic and aerobic fermentation) and five biofertiliser doses (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 L plant-1 week-1), as well as two additional treatments (control and recommended mineral fertilisation). The following variables were analysed: dry weight of the leaves and roots, and mineral element content (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in different parts of the plant (leaf and root). During 90 days of acclimatization, the nutritional contribution of bovine biofertiliser with anaerobic fermentation was greater in comparison with the biofertiliser with aerobic fermentation and the control, but lower in comparison with mineral fertilisation. The 1000-mL dose of the biofertiliser with anaerobic fermentation promoted greater dry weight accumulation in the leaves and roots of the banana “Prata Catarina”. The biofertiliser with anaerobic fermentation promoted higher levels of N, K, and Ca in the leaves, whereas the biofertiliser with aerobic fermentation promoted higher levels of P in the leaves and roots.

Banana farming is an activity of great economic and social importance, and is carried out in most tropical countries. The aim of this work was to evaluate the biomass accumulation and levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in micropropagated plants of the banana ‘Prata Catarina’ during the acclimatization phase, under different types and doses of biofertilisers. The experimental design included randomised blocks in a 2 × 5 + (2) factorial scheme, with two types of liquid biofertilisers (bovine biofertiliser with anaerobic and aerobic fermentation) and five biofertiliser doses (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 L plant-1 week-1), as well as two additional treatments (control and recommended mineral fertilisation). The following variables were analysed: dry weight of the leaves and roots, and mineral element content (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) in different parts of the plant (leaf and root). During 90 days of acclimatization, the nutritional contribution of bovine biofertiliser with anaerobic fermentation was greater in comparison with the biofertiliser with aerobic fermentation and the control, but lower in comparison with mineral fertilisation. The 1000-mL dose of the biofertiliser with anaerobic fermentation promoted greater dry weight accumulation in the leaves and roots of the banana ‘Prata Catarina’. The biofertiliser with anaerobic fermentation promoted higher levels of N, K, and Ca in the leaves, whereas the biofertiliser with aerobic fermentation promoted higher levels of P in the leaves and roots. | A bananicultura destaca-se como uma atividade de grande importância econômica e social, sendo explorada na maioria dos países tropicais. O presente trabalho propôs avaliar o acúmulo de biomassa e os teores de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg) em mudas micropropagadas de bananeira cv. Prata Catarina, durante a fase de aclimatização sob diferentes tipos doses e de biofertilizantes. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2 × 5 + (2), referentes a dois tipos de biofertilizantes líquidos (bovino de fermentação anaeróbia e aeróbia) e cinco doses de biofertilizantes (0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,00 e 1,25 L planta-1 semana-1), com dois tratamentos adicionais (controle e adubação mineral recomendada). Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: massa seca das folhas, das raízes e teores de elementos minerais (N, P, K, Ca e Mg) nas diferentes partes da planta (folha e raiz). O biofertilizante bovino com fermentação anaeróbia apresenta maior aporte nutricional em relação biofertilizante de fermentação aeróbio e ao controle, porém menor em relação à adubação mineral para as mudas durante os 90 dias de aclimatização. A dose de 1000 mL do biofertilizante com fermentação anaeróbia promove maior acúmulo de massa seca nas folhas e raízes da bananeira Prata Catarina. O biofertilizante com fermentação anaeróbia proporciona maiores teores de N, K e Ca nas folhas, enquanto, o biofertilizante com fermentação aeróbia promove maiores teores de P nas folhas e raízes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the agro-economic efficiency of the intercropping of carrot with cowpea-vegetable under different spatial arrangements and population densities in the semi-arid conditions of the Brazilian Northeast. The study was conducted at the "Rafael Fernandes" Experimental Farm of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) during the period July 2013 to February 2014. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with four replications and treatments arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme, where the first factor consisted of spatial arrangements (2:2; 3:3 and 4:4) and the second factor by population densities of cowpea-vegetables (100, 80, 60 and 40% of the recommended population in sole crop RPSC). All treatments were fertilized with roostertree (Calotropis procera Ait. R.Br.), which is a spontaneous species of the Caatinga biome. The indices of agronomic efficiency of the intercropping systems assessed were: land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index and score of the canonical variable. The following economic indicators were also evaluated: gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin. The agro-economic efficiency of the intercropping system of carrot with cowpea- vegetable was influenced by the spatial arrangements, with the 2:2 arrangements standing out from the others. The greatest agro-economic efficiency of the intercropping of carrot with cowpea-vegetable was obtained in the population density of 100% of the RPSC when the value of the productive efficiency index was 0.75.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the agro-economic efficiency of the intercropping of carrot with cowpea-vegetable under different spatial arrangements and population densities in the semi-arid conditions of the Brazilian Northeast. The study was conducted at the "Rafael Fernandes" Experimental Farm of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) during the period July 2013 to February 2014. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with four replications and treatments arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme, where the first factor consisted of spatial arrangements (2:2; 3:3 and 4:4) and the second factor by population densities of cowpea-vegetables (100, 80, 60 and 40% of the recommended population in sole crop [RPSC]). All treatments were fertilized with roostertree (Calotropis procera [Ait.] R.Br.), which is a spontaneous species of the Caatinga biome. The indices of agronomic efficiency of the intercropping systems assessed were: land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index and score of the canonical variable. The following economic indicators were also evaluated: gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin. The agro-economic efficiency of the intercropping system of carrot with cowpea-vegetable was influenced by the spatial arrangements, with the 2:2 arrangements standing out from the others. The greatest agro-economic efficiency of the intercropping of carrot with cowpea-vegetable was obtained in the population density of 100% of the RPSC when the value of the productive efficiency index was 0.75. | O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência agroeconômica do consórcio de cenoura com caupi-hortaliça sob diferentes arranjos espaciais e densidades populacionais nas condições semiáridas do Nordeste brasileiro. O estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental “Rafael Fernandes” da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) no período de julho 2013 a fevereiro de 2014. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em um esquema fatorial 3 x 4, sendo o primeiro fator constituído pelos arranjos espaciais (2:2; 3:3 e 4:4) e o segundo fator pelas densidades populacionais do caupi-hortaliça (100%, 80%, 60% e 40% da população recomendada no cultivo solteiro – PRCS). Todos os tratamentos foram fertilizados com flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br.), que é uma espécie espontânea do bioma Caatinga. Os índices de eficiência agronômica dos sistemas consorciados avaliados foram: índice de uso eficiente da terra, índice de eficiência produtiva e escore da variável canônica. Foram também avaliados os seguintes indicadores econômicos: renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade. A eficiência agroeconômica do sistema consorciado de cenoura com caupi-hortaliça foi influenciada pelos arranjos espaciais, com o arranjo 2:2 sobressaindo-se dos demais. A maior eficiência agroeconômica do consórcio de cenoura com caupi-vegetal foi obtida na densidade populacional de 100% da PRCS quando o valor do índice de eficiência produtiva foi de 0,75.

The restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP) mixed model method has been used to study the effects of genotype by environment interaction (G x E) in various crops including cowpea. This work aimed to analyze the G x E interaction via mixed models to identify cowpea genotypes that meet high adaptability, stability and productivity of pods and green grains when grown under Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte State conditions. Crop value and use were evaluated in two growing seasons, using randomized complete blocks design with 23 genotypes and four replications. The genetic parameters were estimated by the REML/BLUP procedure and selection was based on the harmonic mean of the relative performance of genetic values (HMRPGV). Agreement between the HMGV, relative performance of genotypic values (RPGV) and HMRPGV statistics, provided genotype discrimination. Furthermore, the HMRPGV results enabled the simultaneous selection of superior genotypes for productivity, adaptability and stability. For the productivities of pods and green grains, the most notable genotypes were the cultivars BRS Xiquexique and BRS Aracê, and the line MNC05-835B-15, which showed a high productivity of grains, adaptability and stability, and could be grown in the two growing seasons considered in the study.

The restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP) mixed model method has been used to study the effects of genotype by environment interaction (G x E) in various crops including cowpea. This work aimed to analyze the G x E interaction via mixed models to identify cowpea genotypes that meet high adaptability, stability and productivity of pods and green grains when grown under Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte State conditions. Crop value and use were evaluated in two growing seasons, using randomized complete blocks design with 23 genotypes and four replications. The genetic parameters were estimated by the REML/BLUP procedure and selection was based on the harmonic mean of the relative performance of genetic values (HMRPGV). Agreement between the HMGV, relative performance of genotypic values (RPGV) and HMRPGV statistics, provided genotype discrimination. Furthermore, the HMRPGV results enabled the simultaneous selection of superior genotypes for productivity, adaptability and stability. For the productivities of pods and green grains, the most notable genotypes were the cultivars BRS Xiquexique and BRS Aracê, and the line MNC05-835B-15, which showed a high productivity of grains, adaptability and stability, and could be grown in the two growing seasons considered in the study. | A metodologia de modelos mistos REML/BLUP tem sido empregada para estudar os efeitos da interação genótipos x ambientes (G x E) em várias culturas, inclusive em feijão-caupi. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a interação genótipos por ambientes em feijão-caupi via modelos mistos e identificar genótipos que reúnam alta adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de vagens e grãos verdes nas condições de Mossoró, RN. Os genótipos foram avaliados em ensaios de valor de cultivo e uso conduzidos em duas épocas de cultivo, sob delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados, com 23 genótipos e quatro repetições. Os parâmetros genéticos foram estimados via procedimento REML/BLUP, e a seleção baseou-se no método da média harmônica do desempenho relativo dos valores genéticos (MHPRVG). Houve concordância entre as estatísticas MHVG, PRVG e MHPRVG na discriminação dos genótipos, sendo que esta última possibilitou a seleção simultânea de genótipos superiores em produtividade, adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Para as produtividades de vagens e grãos verdes os genótipos de maior destaque foram as cultivares BRS Xiquexique, BRS Aracê e a linhagem MNC05-835B-15 que reuniram alta produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade, podendo ser cultivados nas duas épocas de cultivo consideradas no estudo.

This study aimed to determine the effect of cooking on the centesimal compositions, the content of bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities in beans of the cowpea cultivars. The beans were cooked without soaking (1:5 w/v) in a pressure cooker for 780 seconds. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test to determine the difference between means of raw and cooked beans. One-way ANOVA: post-hoc Tukey’s test was applied at 5% to compare the data of the cultivars. Significant difference (p 0.05) was noted between the moisture contents of samples, with values ranging from 10.69 to 11.37% in the raw beans and 63.32 to 75.43% in the cooked ones. Only BRS Marataoã showed a slight reduction (1.24%) in the energy value. The total polyphenol content in cooked beans decreased on discarding the broth. BRS Marataoã showed the highest levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids in raw beans, cooked beans, and broth. The raw beans of the cultivar BRS Itaim had greater content of condensed tannins and total anthocyanins. The raw beans, cooked beans, and broth showed statistically significant differences between their antioxidant activities, and the best results were found in the samples not subjected to thermal processing, particularly in BRS Marataoã. In conclusion, cooking influenced the concentration of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of the beans. Therefore, it is recommended that cooked cowpea beans should be consumed with the cooking broth for optimization of antioxidants.

This study aimed to determine the effect of cooking on the centesimal compositions, the content of bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities in beans of the cowpea cultivars. The beans were cooked without soaking (1:5 w/v) in a pressure cooker for 780 seconds. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test to determine the difference between means of raw and cooked beans. One-way ANOVA: post-hoc Tukey’s test was applied at 5% to compare the data of the cultivars. Significant difference (p 0.05) was noted between the moisture contents of samples, with values ranging from 10.69 to 11.37% in the raw beans and 63.32 to 75.43% in the cooked ones. Only BRS Marataoã showed a slight reduction (1.24%) in the energy value. The total polyphenol content in cooked beans decreased on discarding the broth. BRS Marataoã showed the highest levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids in raw beans, cooked beans, and broth. The raw beans of the cultivar BRS Itaim had greater content of condensed tannins and total anthocyanins. The raw beans, cooked beans, and broth showed statistically significant differences between their antioxidant activities, and the best results were found in the samples not subjected to thermal processing, particularly in BRS Marataoã. In conclusion, cooking influenced the concentration of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of the beans. Therefore, it is recommended that cooked cowpea beans should be consumed with the cooking broth for optimization of antioxidants. | Este trabalho objetivou verificar o efeito da cocção na composição centesimal, no conteúdo de compostos bioativos e na atividade antioxidante em grãos de cultivares de feijão-caupi. Estes foram cozidos sem maceração (1:5 p/v) em panela de pressão por 780 segundos. Na análise estatística utilizou-se o teste t de Student para verificar diferença entre a média dos grãos crus e cozidos. Por meio do método de one-way ANOVA: post-hoc, aplicou-se o teste de médias de Tukey ao nível de 5% para as demais variáveis. Em relação à composição centesimal, houve diferença significativa (p

Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of melon (Cucumis melo L.), and Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará are the largest producers states of the country (99% of exports). This crop had great socio- economic importance in the Brazilian Northeast, however, it is affected by insect pests and consequently, large amounts of pesticides are applied to it, which greatly affect beneficial organisms, such as Chrysopidae. This bioassay evaluated the toxicity of nine insecticides used in commercial crops of muskmelon, applied to first- instar larvae of Chrysoperla genanigra of up to 24-hour-old, from mass rearing cultures. Sublethal effects were evaluated, classifying the insecticides into the toxicity classes recommended by the IOBC. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of ten treatments (clothianidin, pymetrozine, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, pyriproxyfen, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta-cypermethrin and a control consisted of distilled water). The treatments consisted of exposure of thirty larvae to dry residues of each product in Petri dishes, assessing their mortality, duration of instars, sex ratio, fecundity and viability of eggs from adults of the insects evaluated. The products were classified in toxicity classes as harmful (Class 4) (clothianidin, pymetrozine, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta- cypermethrin and pyriproxyfen) and innocuous (Class 1) (chlorantraniliprole) to first -instar larvae of C. genanigra, by calculate their total effect. Based on this work, chlorantraniliprole is the only recommended insecticide for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs in muskmelon crops.

Brazil is one of the world's largest producers of melon (Cucumis melo L.), and Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará are the largest producers states of the country (99% of exports). This crop had great socio-economic importance in the Brazilian Northeast, however, it is affected by insect pests and consequently, large amounts of pesticides are applied to it, which greatly affect beneficial organisms, such as Chrysopidae. This bioassay evaluated the toxicity of nine insecticides used in commercial crops of muskmelon, applied to first-instar larvae of Chrysoperla genanigra of up to 24-hour-old, from mass rearing cultures. Sublethal effects were evaluated, classifying the insecticides into the toxicity classes recommended by the IOBC. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of ten treatments (clothianidin, pymetrozine, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, pyriproxyfen, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta-cypermethrin and a control consisted of distilled water). The treatments consisted of exposure of thirty larvae to dry residues of each product in Petri dishes, assessing their mortality, duration of instars, sex ratio, fecundity and viability of eggs from adults of the insects evaluated. The products were classified in toxicity classes as harmful (Class 4) (clothianidin, pymetrozine, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cyfluthrin+imidacloprid, imidacloprid, beta-cypermethrin and pyriproxyfen) and innocuous (Class 1) (chlorantraniliprole) to first-instar larvae of C. genanigra, by calculate their total effect. Based on this work, chlorantraniliprole is the only recommended insecticide for use in integrated pest management (IPM) programs in muskmelon crops. | O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de melão (Cucumis melo L.), tendo os estados do Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará os maiores representantes (99% das exportações), com enorme relevância do ponto de vista socioeconômico para a região nordeste. No entanto, a cultura é acometida por insetos-praga, razão pela qual grandes quantidades de agrotóxicos são necessárias os quais afetam sobremaneira organismos benéficos como os crisopídeos. O bioensaio avaliou a toxicidade de nove inseticidas utilizados comercialmente na cultura do meloeiro, aplicados sobre primeiro instar larval de Chrysoperla genanigra, avaliando, inclusive, efeitos subletais, categorizando os inseticidas em classes de toxicidade preconizadas pela IOBC. Foram utilizadas larvas com até 24h de idade, oriundas de criação massal. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por dez tratamentos: clotianidina, pimetrozina, lambda-cialotrina, clorantraniliprole, indoxacarbe, piriproxifem, beta-ciflutrina + imidaclopride, imidaclopride, beta-cipermetrina e a testemunha constituída de água destilada. Cada tratamento consistiu na exposição de trinta larvas aos resíduos secos de cada produto em placas de Petri, realizando-se avaliações de mortalidade, duração de instares, razão sexual, fecundidade, bem como a viabilidade dos ovos produzidos pelos adultos provenientes dos insetos testados. Pelo cálculo do efeito total, os produtos foram enquadrados em classes de toxicidade: clotianidina, pimetrozina, indoxacarbe, lambda-cialotrina, beta-ciflutrina + imidaclopride, imidaclopride, beta-cipermetrina e piriproxifem como nocivos (Classe 4) e, lorantraniliprole como o único produto inócuo (Classe 1) à fase testada, sendo este o único com base neste trabalho recomendado para uso em programas de MIP no melão.

Weed interference is a factor that limits the productivity of beans and, among these, hairy beggarticks is one of the main species competing with the crop for environmental resources. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the competitive ability of black bean cultivars (BRS Campeiro, IPR Uirapuru, SCS204 Predileto and BRS Supremo) in the presence of a biotype of hairy beggarticks. The experimental design is a completely randomized block with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a replacement series, consisting of a proportion of the crop and the hairy beggarticks: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50: 24:75, and 0:100, which corresponds to 40:0, 30:10, 20:20, 10:30, and 0:40 plant pots1. We accomplished competitive analysis through diagrams applied to the replacement series, as well as using relative competitive indices. The leaf area and shoot dry mass were evaluated at 40 days after emergence of the species. There was competition between bean cultivars and hairy beggarticks for the same environmental resources, causing negative interference in the growth of the species, independent of the proportion of plants. Bean cultivars had a lower relative loss by reducing the morphological variables of the hairy beggarticks, thereby demonstrating superiority in its competitive ability in relation to the weed. Interspecific competition is less damaging than intraspecific competition for both species.

Weed interference is a factor that limits the productivity of beans and, among these, hairy beggarticks is one of the main species competing with the crop for environmental resources. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the competitive ability of black bean cultivars (BRS Campeiro, IPR Uirapuru, SCS204 Predileto and BRS Supremo) in the presence of a biotype of hairy beggarticks. The experimental design is a completely randomized block with four replications. Treatments were arranged in a replacement series, consisting of a proportion of the crop and the hairy beggarticks: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50: 24:75, and 0:100, which corresponds to 40:0, 30:10, 20:20, 10:30, and 0:40 plant pots1. We accomplished competitive analysis through diagrams applied to the replacement series, as well as using relative competitive indices. The leaf area and shoot dry mass were evaluated at 40 days after emergence of the species. There was competition between bean cultivars and hairy beggarticks for the same environmental resources, causing negative interference in the growth of the species, independent of the proportion of plants. Bean cultivars had a lower relative loss by reducing the morphological variables of the hairy beggarticks, thereby demonstrating superiority in its competitive ability in relation to the weed. Interspecific competition is less damaging than intraspecific competition for both species. | A interferência causada pelas plantas daninhas é um dos fatores que limitam a produtividade do feijoeiro e dentre essas destaca-se o picão-preto como uma das principais espécies que competem com a cultura pelos recursos do meio. Assim sendo, objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a habilidade competitiva de cultivares de feijão do tipo preto (BRS Campeiro, IPR Uirapuru, SCS204 Predileto e BRS Supremo) na presença de biótipo de picão-preto. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em série substitutiva e constituíram-se de proporções da cultura e de picão-preto: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50: 24:75 e 0:100, o que corresponde a 40:0, 30:10, 20:20, 10:30 e 0:40 plantas vaso-1. A análise da competitividade foi efetuada por meio de diagramas aplicados a experimentos substitutivos, mais uso de índices de competitividade relativa. Avaliou-se a área foliar e a massa seca da parte aérea aos 40 dias após a emergência das espécies. Houve competição pelos mesmos recursos do meio entre as cultivares de feijão e o picão-preto, ocasionando interferência negativa no crescimento das espécies, independentemente da proporção de plantas. As cultivares de feijão apresentaram menor perda relativa ao reduzirem as variáveis morfológicas do picão-preto e demonstram possuir superioridade na habilidade competitiva em relação à planta daninha. A competição interespecífica é menos prejudicial para ambas as espécies envolvidas do que a competição intraespecífica.

The aim of this work was to perform botanical identification and to estimate genetic diversity in two sequential inbred generations (progenies S1 and S2) of melon accessions from traditional agriculture in the state of Maranhão, in order to generate useful information for commercial melon breeding. Two field experiments were carried out in a completely randomized block, using four replicates of 15 accessions from a first selfing cycle in 2013, and three replicates of 25 subaccessions (generation S2) in 2014. Flower and fruit descriptors were measured to obtain quantitative and qualitative data, in addition to a systematized photographic documentation of fruit for visually comparing the progenies S1 and S2. Distance matrices for quantitative and qualitative data were obtained and used to perform a joint analysis and UPGMA method. Large genetic diversity was found in the accessions analysed, since the presence of melon progenies was observed in the Cucumis melo ssp. agrestis, with its botanical varieties momordica and conomom, and of the Cucumis melo ssp. melo, with the botanical varieties cantalupensis and chandalak. Divergence analysis showed the formation of three groups in generation S1 and four groups in S2. However, the groups were not separated either by subspecies or by botanical variety. Thus, in addition to the large genetic diversity among and within melon accessions from family farming in the state of Maranhão, the progenies presented a large introgression of traits of the different subspecies and their botanical varieties due to the reproductive system and seed management of these species.

The aim of this work was to perform botanical identification and to estimate genetic diversity in two sequential inbred generations (progenies S1 and S2) of melon accessions from traditional agriculture in the state of Maranhão, in order to generate useful information for commercial melon breeding. Two field experiments were carried out in a completely randomized block, using four replicates of 15 accessions from a first selfing cycle in 2013, and three replicates of 25 subaccessions (generation S2) in 2014. Flower and fruit descriptors were measured to obtain quantitative and qualitative data, in addition to a systematized photographic documentation of fruit for visually comparing the progenies S1 and S2. Distance matrices for quantitative and qualitative data were obtained and used to perform a joint analysis and UPGMA method. Large genetic diversity was found in the accessions analysed, since the presence of melon progenies was observed in the Cucumis melo ssp. agrestis, with its botanical varieties momordica and conomom, and of the Cucumis melo ssp. melo, with the botanical varieties cantalupensis and chandalak. Divergence analysis showed the formation of three groups in generation S1 and four groups in S2. However, the groups were not separated either by subspecies or by botanical variety. Thus, in addition to the large genetic diversity among and within melon accessions from family farming in the state of Maranhão, the progenies presented a large introgression of traits of the different subspecies and their botanical varieties due to the reproductive system and seed management of these species. | O trabalho teve como objetivos realizar a classificação botânica e estimar a diversidade genética em duas gerações endogâmicas sequenciais (progênies S1 e S2) de acessos de melão da agricultura familiar do Maranhão, visando gerar informações úteis para o melhoramento do melão comercial. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos de campo em blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições e 15 acessos em 2013 e, três repetições e 25 subacessos em 2014. Para avaliação dos acessos foram aplicados descritores quantitativos e qualitativos de flor e fruto, além de uma documentação fotográfica sistematizada dos frutos com análise visual, comparando os frutos das gerações S1 e S2. Foram obtidas as matrizes de distância nos dois tipos de descritores e se fez a análise conjunta e em seguida realizou-se o agrupamento pelo método UPGMA. Verificou-se que nos acessos analisados, existe uma grande diversidade genética, pois foram encontradas progênies de melão da subespécie agrestis e suas variedades botânicas momordica e conomom e da subespécie melo com as variedades botânicas cantalupensis e chandalak. A análise de divergência na geração S1 mostrou a formação de três grupos e na geração S2 foram formados quatro agrupamentos, entretanto os grupos não foram formados nem por subespécie nem por variedade botânica. Assim, além de se ter encontrado uma grande diversidade genética entre e dentro dos acessos de melão da agricultura familiar maranhense, é provável que tenha ocorrido grande introgressão de alelos das subespécies e das diferentes variedades botânicas na área dos agricultores devido ao sistema reprodutivo da espécie a ao manejo de sementes.

Wheat is a major winter crop in southern Brazil. To maximize its productivity, there should be no biotic or abiotic restrictions that can affect the yield components. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the changes caused in the wheat crop yield components by silicon foliar application. The experiment was conducted in two growing seasons. In the first year, five wheat cultivars (Quartzo, Campo Real, Onix and Fundacep Lineage) were assessed and in the second year four were assessed (Mirante, Campo Real, Horizonte and Quartzo). In both years the crops were subjected to three doses of silicon (0, 3 and 6 L of silicon ha -1). The silicon was applied during the tillering, booting and anthesis stages. The yield components assessed were the number of plants, number of ears, number of fertile tillers, dry matter per plant, hectoliter weight, number of spikelets, number of grains per spike, weight of hundred grains, grain yield and harvest index. Most yield components did not respond to the silicon foliar application. The harvest index (first year) and the number of tillers (second year) however presented a quadratic relationship with the supply of silicon. The remaining differences were attributed to variations among the wheat cultivars.

Wheat is a major winter crop in southern Brazil. To maximize its productivity, there should be no biotic or abiotic restrictions that can affect the yield components. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the changes caused in the wheat crop yield components by silicon foliar application. The experiment was conducted in two growing seasons. In the first year, five wheat cultivars (Quartzo, Campo Real, Onix and Fundacep Lineage) were assessed and in the second year four were assessed (Mirante, Campo Real, Horizonte and Quartzo). In both years the crops were subjected to three doses of silicon (0, 3 and 6 L of silicon ha-1). The silicon was applied during the tillering, booting and anthesis stages. The yield components assessed were the number of plants, number of ears, number of fertile tillers, dry matter per plant, hectoliter weight, number of spikelets, number of grains per spike, weight of hundred grains, grain yield and harvest index. Most yield components did not respond to the silicon foliar application. The harvest index (first year) and the number of tillers (second year) however presented a quadratic relationship with the supply of silicon. The remaining differences were attributed to variations among the wheat cultivars. | O trigo é uma das principais culturas de inverno na região Sul do Brasil e para que a sua produtividade seja maximizada necessita que não haja restrições bióticas ou abióticas que possam afetar seus componentes de rendimento. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar as alterações provocadas nos componentes do rendimento da cultura de trigo pela aplicação de silício via foliar. O experimento foi conduzido em dois anos agrícolas. No primeiro ano foram avaliadas cinco cultivares de trigo (Quartzo, Campo Real, Horizonte, Ônix e Linhagem Fundacep), e quatro cultivares no segundo ano (Mirante, Campo Real, Horizonte e Quartzo), em ambos os anos foram submetidas a três doses de silício (0, 3 e 6 L de silício ha-1). As aplicações de silício foram realizadas nas fases do afilhamento, alongamento e antese. Os componentes de rendimento avaliados foram o número de plantas, o número de espigas e o número afilhos férteis, matéria seca por planta, massa de hectolítro, número de espiguetas, número de grãos por espiga, massa de cem grãos, produção de grãos e índice de colheita. A maioria dos componentes de rendimento não respondeu a aplicação foliar de silício. Contudo, o índice de colheita (primeiro ano) e o número de afilhos (segundo ano) apresentaram incrementos de suas características com a adição da adubação com silício via foliar. As demais diferenças observadas são atribuídas às variações entre as cultivares de trigo.