ABSTRACT Studies on the use of agricultural residues as an alternative to commercial substrates have become fundamental tominimising the risk of environmental contamination resulting from inadequate disposal, as well as reducing seedling production costs. This research involved an evaluation of growth variables and quality of cucumber seedlings produced in substrates with different compositions of agricultural waste with a view to providing substitutes for commercial substrate. The experiment was based on a completely randomised design, with six treatments and ten replicates. There were five treatments with increasing proportions of moinha/decreasing proportions of carbonized rice husk (0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10 and 40/0%) and fixed proportions of coconut fibre (15%), eggshell (5%), pine bark (40%), and one commercial substrate treatment as the control (Bioplant®). The variables evaluated were: electrical conductivity of the substrate, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, Dickson quality index (DQI) and dry matter of roots and above ground parts. Results show that alternative substrates can replace commercial substrate without impairing the quality of cucumber seedlings. However, the substrate containing 40% of moinha, 0% of rice husk, 15% of coconut fibre, 5% of eggshell and 40% of pine bark resulted in the highest values for all evaluated variables and appears to be the most promising alternative substrate for the production of cucumber seedlings. | RESUMO Estudos relacionados ao aproveitamento de resíduos agrícolas como substratos alternativos aos comerciais tornaram-se fundamentais por minimizar o risco de contaminação ambiental decorrente do descarte inadequado, além de diminuir os custos de produção de mudas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis de crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de pepino produzidas em substratos com diferentes composições de resíduos agrícolas, em substituição total ao substrato comercial. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e dez repetições, sendo cinco tratamentos com proporções crescentes de moinha/decrescentes de casca de arroz (0/40; 10/30; 20/20; 30/10 e 40/0%) e proporções fixas de fibra de coco (15%), casca de ovo (5%) e casca de pinus (40%), e um tratamento controle com substrato comercial (Bioplant®). As variáveis avaliadas foram: condutividade elétrica do substrato, altura da planta, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD) e massas secas da raiz e da parte aérea. Os substratos alternativos podem substituir o substrato comercial, sem que haja prejuízos à qualidade de mudas de pepino. Entretanto, o substrato contendo 40% de moinha, 0% de casca de arroz, 15% de fibra de coco, 5% de casca de ovo e 40% de casca de pinus proporciona os maiores valores para todas as variáveis avaliadas, sendo o mais indicado na produção de mudas de pepino.

Studies on the use of agricultural residues as an alternative to commercial substrates have become fundamental tominimising the risk of environmental contamination resulting from inadequate disposal, as well as reducing seedling production costs. This research involved an evaluation of growth variables and quality of cucumber seedlings produced in substrates with different compositions of agricultural waste with a view to providing substitutes for commercial substrate. The experiment was based on a completely randomised design, with six treatments and ten replicates. There were five treatments with increasing proportions of moinha/decreasing proportions of carbonized rice husk (0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10 and 40/0%) and fixed proportions of coconut fibre (15%), eggshell (5%), pine bark (40%), and one commercial substrate treatment as the control (Bioplant®). The variables evaluated were: electrical conductivity of the substrate, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, Dickson quality index (DQI) and dry matter of roots and above ground parts. Results show that alternative substrates can replace commercial substrate without impairing the quality of cucumber seedlings. However, the substrate containing 40% of moinha, 0% of rice husk, 15% of coconut fibre, 5% of eggshell and 40% of pine bark resulted in the highest values for all evaluated variables and appears to be the most promising alternative substrate for the production of cucumber seedlings.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de resíduos de partes de leguminosas arbóreas no crescimento e nutrição de plantas de milho (Zea mays L.), bem como nos atributos químicos de um solo degradado, 65 dias após a aplicação dos resíduos. O experimento foi realizado em vasos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1 - Sem resíduo de leguminosas, T2 - Folhas de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T3 - Galhos de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T4 - Folhas + galhos de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T5 - Folhas de Mimosa hostilis, T6 - Galhos de Mimosa hostilis, T7 - Folhas + galhos de Mimosa hostilis, T8 - Folhas de Gliricidia sepium, T9 - Galhos de Gliricidia sepium e T10 - Folhas + galhos de Gliricidia sepium. Os vasos foram preenchidos com solo de área degradada e os resíduos adicionados na forma de massa verde após a semeadura do milho. Resíduos de leguminosas arbóreas influenciaram positivamente o crescimento de plantas de milho já aos 65 dias após a aplicação e favoreceram o acúmulo de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio na parte aérea de plantas. Os adubos verdes utilizados melhoraram atributos químicos do solo logo aos 65 dias após a aplicação, com destaque para o N-nitrato (N-NO3 -), N-amônio (N-NH4 +), nitrogênio inorgânico total (N-NO3 - + N-NH4 +) e K, demonstrando que essas espécies são boas opções para recuperação de áreas degradadas no semiárido cearense. | ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of parts of leguminous trees on the growth and nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.), as well as on the chemical attributes of a degraded soil, 65 days after applying the residues. The experiment was conducted in pots, in a randomized block design with ten treatments and four replicates. The evaluated treatments were: T1 - No residues of leguminous trees, T2 - Leaves of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T3 - Branches of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T4 - Leaves + branches of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T5 - Leaves of Mimosa hostilis, T6 - Branches of Mimosa hostilis, T7 - Leaves + branches of Mimosa hostilis, T8 - Leaves of Gliricidia sepium, T9 - Branches of Gliricidia sepium and T10 - Leaves + branches of Gliricidia sepium. Pots were filled with soil from a degraded area and residues were added in the form of green mass after sowing the maize. Residues of leguminous trees positively influenced maize growth at 65 days after application and favored the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the shoots. Green fertilizers improved soil chemical attributes at 65 days after application, especially nitrate-N (NO3 --N), ammonium-N (NH4 +-N), total inorganic N (NO3 --N + NH4 +-N) and K, demonstrating that these species are good options for recovering degraded areas in the semi-arid region of Ceará.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of parts of leguminous trees on the growth and nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.), as well as on the chemical attributes of a degraded soil, 65 days after applying the residues. The experiment was conducted in pots, in a randomized block design with ten treatments and four replicates. The evaluated treatments were: T1 - No residues of leguminous trees, T2 - Leaves of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T3 - Branches of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T4 - Leaves + branches of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, T5 - Leaves of Mimosa hostilis, T6 - Branches of Mimosa hostilis, T7 - Leaves + branches of Mimosa hostilis, T8 - Leaves of Gliricidia sepium, T9 - Branches of Gliricidia sepium and T10 - Leaves + branches of Gliricidia sepium. Pots were filled with soil from a degraded area and residues were added in the form of green mass after sowing the maize. Residues of leguminous trees positively influenced maize growth at 65 days after application and favored the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the shoots. Green fertilizers improved soil chemical attributes at 65 days after application, especially nitrate-N (NO3 --N), ammonium-N (NH4 +-N), total inorganic N (NO3 --N + NH4 +-N) and K, demonstrating that these species are good options for recovering degraded areas in the semi-arid region of Ceará.

ABSTRACT Maize is an important cereal and it is widely consumed in the world, both as food for humans and animals. Nitrogen (N) is a nutrient required in large quantities by maize, but unfortunately, soils are limited in meeting this need. Nodulating legumes can serve as a source of Nitrogen, because they are symbiotically associated with bacteria capable of fixing atmospheric N. Another important source of this nutrient is cattle manure, which is widely used in agriculture. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of using legumes and cattle manure on the production as well as the microbial and biochemical quality of the soil used for maize cultivation. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design, in a sub-subdivided plot scheme [(2x4) +2], two leguminous plants (pigeon pea and macassar bean), four doses of cattle manure (0, 20, 40 and 60 t ha-1) and two controls; one with mineral fertilization and the other cultivated without the use of fertilizers. Treatment using a manure dose of 60t ha-1 and pigeon pea legume, recorded higher dry mass production per plant. The increase in manure doses was directly proportional to the length and weight of the cobs for the two legumes. The enzymatic activities were affected by the different doses and legumes, with greater results being recorded at the 60 t ha-1 dose with the macassar legume. The use of legumes with manure improved maize production as well as the microbiological and biochemical quality of soils. | RESUMO O milho é um importante cereal muito utilizado no mundo, tanto como alimentação para humanos como para animais. O nitrogênio (N) é um nutriente requerido em grande quantidade pelo milho, e os solos são limitantes em atender essa necessidade. As leguminosas nodulantes podem ser utilizadas como fonte de Nitrogênio, por formarem associações simbióticas com bactérias capazes de fixar N atmosférico, outra importante fonte desse nutriente é o esterco bovino, utilizado largamente na agricultura. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de leguminosas e esterco bovino na produção e qualidade microbiana e bioquímica do solo cultivado com milho. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcela sub-subdividida [(2x4) +2], sendo duas leguminosas (feijão guandu anão e feijão macassar), quatro doses de esterco bovino (0, 20, 40 e 60 t ha-1), mais dois tratamentos controle um com adubação mineral e outro sem o emprego de adubos. O tratamento utilizando a dose 60 t ha-1 de esterco com a leguminosa Guandu anão apresentou maior produção de massa seca por planta. O aumento das doses de esterco foi diretamente proporcional ao comprimento e peso das espigas para as duas leguminosas. As atividades enzimáticas responderam às diferentes doses e leguminosas, com maiores resultados na dose de 60 t ha-1 com a leguminosa macassar. O uso de leguminosa com esterco melhorou a produção de milho e a qualidade microbiológica e bioquímica dos solos.

Maize is an important cereal and it is widely consumed in the world, both as food for humans and animals. Nitrogen (N) is a nutrient required in large quantities by maize, but unfortunately, soils are limited in meeting this need. Nodulating legumes can serve as a source of Nitrogen, because they are symbiotically associated with bacteria capable of fixing atmospheric N. Another important source of this nutrient is cattle manure, which is widely used in agriculture. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of using legumes and cattle manure on the production as well as the microbial and biochemical quality of the soil used for maize cultivation. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design, in a sub-subdivided plot scheme (2x4) +2, two leguminous plants (pigeon pea and macassar bean), four doses of cattle manure (0, 20, 40 and 60 t ha-1) and two controls; one with mineral fertilization and the other cultivated without the use of fertilizers. Treatment using a manure dose of 60t ha-1 and pigeon pea legume, recorded higher dry mass production per plant. The increase in manure doses was directly proportional to the length and weight of the cobs for the two legumes. The enzymatic activities were affected by the different doses and legumes, with greater results being recorded at the 60 t ha-1 dose with the macassar legume. The use of legumes with manure improved maize production as well as the microbiological and biochemical quality of soils.

RESUMO Trabalhos realizados com a cultura do grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinum L.) no Brasil evidenciam elevado potencial produtivo desta espécie, especialmente nas áreas de cerrado de Cristalina, GO e Brasília, DF. O Norte de Minas Gerais possui potencial produtivo por apresentar condições de inverno seco. Entretanto, mais informações sobre épocas de semeadura do grão-de-bico precisam ser levantadas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar a melhor época de semeadura do grão-de-bico nos municípios de Montes Claros e Januária, MG. O experimento foi realizado em blocos completos ao acaso, compreendendo três épocas de semeadura (12/Maio, 23/Junho, 22/Julho) e sete repetições. A cultivar utilizada foi BRS Aleppo e a colheita realizada aos 121 dias após a semeadura. Foram variáveis analisadas foram: altura de plantas, produtividade, número de vagens com um grão e número de vagens com dois grãos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância sendo realizada a análise conjunta dos experimentos. Maiores produtividades foram obtidas em Montes Claros na semeadura realizada no mês de maio com produtividade de 5,3 t ha-1, e em Januária nas semeaduras de Maio e Junho, com produtividades superiores a 3,0 t ha-1. Por ser tardia, verificou-se que para a semeadura no mês de Julho ocorreu chuvas no período de colheita, comprometendo a qualidade e rendimento dos grãos. Além disso, foram registradas temperaturas máximas superiores a 30 ºC a partir do mês de Setembro nas duas localidades, o que resultou também na redução do número de grãos por planta. Assim, essa época de semeadura não é recomendada nos municípios estudados. | ABSTRACT In Brazil, studies on chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) have demonstrated the high productive potential of this crop, especially in the Cerrado areas of Cristalina, GO, and Brasília, DF. Due to dry winter climatic conditions, the North of Minas Gerais may be very suitable for the production of this crop. However, more information on chickpea sowing dates is needed. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate different chickpea sowing times in two municipalities of Minas Gerais State in Brazil: Montes Claros and Januária. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, comprising three sowing dates (12 May, 23 June, and 22 July, 2015), and seven replications. The cultivar used was BRS Aleppo, and the chickpeas were harvested 121 days after sowing. The variables evaluated included plant height, productivity, number of pods with one grain, and number of pods with two grains. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and joint analysis of the experiments was performed. The highest yields were obtained when chickpeas were sown in May in Montes Claros, with a yield of 5.3 t ha-1. In Januária, chickpeas sown in May and June produced yields greater than 3.0 t ha-1. The plants sown in July, considered late for planting, were harvested during the rainy season, which compromised the quality and yield of the grains. In addition, maximum temperatures above 30ºC were recorded from September onwards in both locations, which also resulted in a reduction in the number of grains per plant. Thus, this sowing season is not recommended in the studied region.

In Brazil, studies on chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) have demonstrated the high productive potential of this crop, especially in the Cerrado areas of Cristalina, GO, and Brasília, DF. Due to dry winter climatic conditions, the North of Minas Gerais may be very suitable for the production of this crop. However, more information on chickpea sowing dates is needed. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate different chickpea sowing times in two municipalities of Minas Gerais State in Brazil: Montes Claros and Januária. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, comprising three sowing dates (12 May, 23 June, and 22 July, 2015), and seven replications. The cultivar used was BRS Aleppo, and the chickpeas were harvested 121 days after sowing. The variables evaluated included plant height, productivity, number of pods with one grain, and number of pods with two grains. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and joint analysis of the experiments was performed. The highest yields were obtained when chickpeas were sown in May in Montes Claros, with a yield of 5.3 t ha-1. In Januária, chickpeas sown in May and June produced yields greater than 3.0 t ha-1. The plants sown in July, considered late for planting, were harvested during the rainy season, which compromised the quality and yield of the grains. In addition, maximum temperatures above 30ºC were recorded from September onwards in both locations, which also resulted in a reduction in the number of grains per plant. Thus, this sowing season is not recommended in the studied region.

ABSTRACT The Northeast region of Brazil has the second highest number of species of the Myrtaceae family. It is mostly covered by the Caatinga biome, which is very degraded, making it difficult to preserve species of this family. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the seed, seedling, and fruit morphology, and seed germination of Psidium sobralianum Landrum & Proença plants of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The fruits were collected in an area of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Semiarid), in Petrolina PE, Brazil. The evaluations consisted of determinations of fruit shape, consistency, and number of seeds; seed form, cotyledons, hilum, hypocotyl-radicle axis, and embryo type; epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and seed staining; longitudinal, transversal, and ventral diameters of fruits and seeds; fruit, pulp, and seed fresh and dry masses; germination test; first count of germinated seeds; germination speed index; shoot and root lengths; shoot and root fresh and dry masses; and imbibition test. Psidium sobralianum has polyspermic, berry fruits, subclassified as solanidium, with persistent sepals and globular shape, consisting of epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp and seeds. The fruits have green with orange epicarp, pale-green mesocarp, and white endocarp. The seeds have a pilose and bony aspect, a pimentoid type of embryo, foliaceous cotyledons, presence of operculum and hilum, and pale-yellow tegument. The germination is epigeal phanerocotiledonar, with root protrusion from 26 days after sowing (DAS); it presents a short, glabrous, thick radicle, and a rounded, pale-green apex. The germination is slow, probably due to the mechanical barrier of the tegument, and stabilizes at 90 DAS. | RESUMO O Nordeste do Brasil é a segunda região em número de espécies registradas da família Myrtaceae, porém a Caatinga está bastante degradada, o que dificulta a preservação das espécies deste grupo. Objetivou-se caracterizar a morfologia de frutos, sementes, plântulas e a germinação de araçá (Psidium sobralianum) do vale do São Francisco. Os frutos foram coletados na Embrapa Semiárido, Petrolina, PE e submetidos as análises: formato, consistência e número de sementes por fruto; forma, cotilédones, hilo, eixo hipocótilo-radícula e tipo de embrião das sementes; coloração do epicarpo, mesocarpo, endocarpo e semente; diâmetros longitudinal, transversal e ventral de frutos e sementes; massas frescas e secas de frutos, polpa e sementes; teste de germinação; primeira contagem; índice de velocidade de germinação; comprimento das partes aérea e radicular; massas frescas e secas aérea e radicular; teste de embebição. P. sobralianum possui fruto solanídio, pétalas persistentes, formato globular, polispérmico, composto de epicarpo, mesocarpo, endocarpo e sementes. O epicarpo tem coloração verde com laranja, mesocarpo verde-claro e endocarpo branco. Sementes com aspecto piloso e ósseo, embrião pimentoide, cotilédones foliáceos, presença de opérculo, hilo e tegumento amarelo-claro. Germinação epígea fanerocotiledonar, com protrusão radicular a partir dos 26 dias após a semeadura (DAS), radícula curta, glabra, espessa, ápice arredondado e verde-claro. A germinação é lenta, provavelmente devido a barreira mecânica do tegumento, estabilizando-se apenas aos 90 DAS.

The Northeast region of Brazil has the second highest number of species of the Myrtaceae family. It is mostly covered by the Caatinga biome, which is very degraded, making it difficult to preserve species of this family. Thus, the objective of this work was to describe the seed, seedling, and fruit morphology, and seed germination of Psidium sobralianum Landrum & Proença plants of the São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The fruits were collected in an area of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Semiarid), in Petrolina PE, Brazil. The evaluations consisted of determinations of fruit shape, consistency, and number of seeds; seed form, cotyledons, hilum, hypocotyl-radicle axis, and embryo type; epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and seed staining; longitudinal, transversal, and ventral diameters of fruits and seeds; fruit, pulp, and seed fresh and dry masses; germination test; first count of germinated seeds; germination speed index; shoot and root lengths; shoot and root fresh and dry masses; and imbibition test. Psidium sobralianum has polyspermic, berry fruits, subclassified as solanidium, with persistent sepals and globular shape, consisting of epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp and seeds. The fruits have green with orange epicarp, pale-green mesocarp, and white endocarp. The seeds have a pilose and bony aspect, a pimentoid type of embryo, foliaceous cotyledons, presence of operculum and hilum, and pale-yellow tegument. The germination is epigeal phanerocotiledonar, with root protrusion from 26 days after sowing (DAS); it presents a short, glabrous, thick radicle, and a rounded, pale-green apex. The germination is slow, probably due to the mechanical barrier of the tegument, and stabilizes at 90 DAS.

RESUMO A cana-de-açúcar é uma das culturas que mais sofrem com a escassez hídrica e, para minimizar esse problema, uma das alternativas é o uso eficiente da água de irrigação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os parâmetros biométricos, produtividade e qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar submetida a diferentes regimes de deficit hídrico controlado, na região do Submédio do Vale do São Francisco. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com 10 tratamentos e três repetições, sendo três deficits hídricos controlados (15; 30; e 45% da evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc), aplicados nas três fases de desenvolvimento da planta (Fase I - brotação e perfilhamento, Fase II - desenvolvimento e Fase III - maturação) e tratamento controle com 100% da ETc, realizados em dois ciclos de cultivo. A qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar não foi alterada em função do deficit hídrico controlado nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento. A produtividade da cana-de-açúcar foi maior utilizando-se deficit hídrico controlado de 30% da ETc na fase de brotação e perfilhamento de desenvolvimento da cultura da cana-de-açúcar. A fim de se garantir maior eficiência do uso da água pelo sistema produtivo, recomenda-se a aplicação de uma lâmina com deficit hídrico de 15% da ETc, nas fases de maior desenvolvimento ou maturação do ciclo da cultura. | ABSTRACT Sugarcane is one of the most affected crops by water scarcity. The efficient use of the irrigation water is an alternative to minimize this problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate biometric parameters, yield, and technological quality of sugarcane plants subjected to different controlled water deficit regimes in the sub-middle São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in two crop cycles, with three replications, with ten treatments consisted of three controlled water deficits (15%, 30%, and 45% of the crop evapotranspiration - ETc), applied at three development stages of the plant - sprouting and tillering (Stage I), grand growth (Stage II), and maturation (Stage III) - and a control with 100% of the ETc throughout the entire crop cycle. The controlled water deficit did not affect the technological quality of the sugarcane in any development stage. The sugarcane yield was higher when using a controlled water deficit of 30% of ETc in the sprouting and tillering stages of the plants. The water deficit of 15% of ETc is recommended for the grand growth, or maturation stages of the sugarcane plants for a greater water use efficiency of the production system.

Sugarcane is one of the most affected crops by water scarcity. The efficient use of the irrigation water is an alternative to minimize this problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate biometric parameters, yield, and technological quality of sugarcane plants subjected to different controlled water deficit regimes in the sub-middle São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in two crop cycles, with three replications, with ten treatments consisted of three controlled water deficits (15%, 30%, and 45% of the crop evapotranspiration - ETc), applied at three development stages of the plant - sprouting and tillering (Stage I), grand growth (Stage II), and maturation (Stage III) - and a control with 100% of the ETc throughout the entire crop cycle. The controlled water deficit did not affect the technological quality of the sugarcane in any development stage. The sugarcane yield was higher when using a controlled water deficit of 30% of ETc in the sprouting and tillering stages of the plants. The water deficit of 15% of ETc is recommended for the grand growth, or maturation stages of the sugarcane plants for a greater water use efficiency of the production system.

ABSTRACT The production of vegetables in communities of family farmers in semiarid regions is limited due to rudimentary cultivation practices and systems, water scarcity, and excess salts in the water and soil. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the production of rocket (Eruca sativa L. cv. Folha Larga) in a low cost hydroponic system, considering strategies for the use of brackish water in the nutrient solution. The experiments were conducted in complete randomized designs, in 6×2 factorial arrangements, with five replications, using rocket plants grown in different nutrient solutions, consisting of six salinity levels (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 dS m -1) and two circulation frequencies of the nutrient solution (twice a day, at 8:00h, and 16:00h; and three times a day, at 8:00h, 12:00h, and 16:00h). In Experiment I, the nutrient solution lost by evapotranspiration was replenished with the respective brackish water used in its preparation; and in Experiment II it was replenished with public water (0.12 dS m -1). The shoot and root fresh and dry biomass of the plants and their respective dry weight proportions, and biometric variables were evaluated. Replenishing of the nutrient solution with public water resulted in lower losses in biomass and plant growth. The increases in circulation frequency of the nutrient solution did not affect the biometric variables, however, the plants prioritized shoot biomass development to the detriment of the root when using high circulation frequencies. | RESUMO A produção de hortaliças em comunidades de agricultores familiares, residentes em condições semiáridas, são limitadas por práticas e sistemas rudimentares de cultivo, escassez hídrica e problemas de salinidade. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a produção de rúcula, cv. Folha larga, em sistema de hidroponia de baixo custo, adotando-se estratégias de uso da água salina no preparo e reposição da solução nutritiva evapotranspirada. Em dois experimentos, plantas de rúcula foram expostas a seis níveis de salinidade da solução nutritiva (1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0; 7,5 e 9,0 dS m -1) aplicadas em duas frequências de circulação (duas vezes ao dia - às 8 e 16 horas; três vezes ao dia - às 8, 12 e 16 horas). O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com cinco repetições, sendo que, no Experimento I a reposição da solução nutritiva foi efetuada com a respectiva água salina utilizada no preparo da solução e, no Experimento II, com água de abastecimento (0,12 dS m -1). Analisou-se a fitomassa fresca e seca da planta, da parte aérea e da raiz, bem como as respectivas partições de matéria seca e variáveis biométricas. A reposição da lâmina evapotranspirada com água de abastecimento resultou em menores perdas de biomassa e no crescimento das plantas e que, o aumento da frequência de circulação não influenciou as variáveis biométricas, no entanto, sob maior frequência de circulação a planta priorizou o desenvolvimento da biomassa da parte aérea em detrimento da raiz.

The production of vegetables in communities of family farmers in semiarid regions is limited due to rudimentary cultivation practices and systems, water scarcity, and excess salts in the water and soil. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the production of rocket (Eruca sativa L. cv. Folha Larga) in a low cost hydroponic system, considering strategies for the use of brackish water in the nutrient solution. The experiments were conducted in complete randomized designs, in 6×2 factorial arrangements, with five replications, using rocket plants grown in different nutrient solutions, consisting of six salinity levels (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 dS m -1) and two circulation frequencies of the nutrient solution (twice a day, at 8:00h, and 16:00h; and three times a day, at 8:00h, 12:00h, and 16:00h). In Experiment I, the nutrient solution lost by evapotranspiration was replenished with the respective brackish water used in its preparation; and in Experiment II it was replenished with public water (0.12 dS m -1). The shoot and root fresh and dry biomass of the plants and their respective dry weight proportions, and biometric variables were evaluated. Replenishing of the nutrient solution with public water resulted in lower losses in biomass and plant growth. The increases in circulation frequency of the nutrient solution did not affect the biometric variables, however, the plants prioritized shoot biomass development to the detriment of the root when using high circulation frequencies.

ABSTRACT New hybrid onions that are more productive are currently being cultivated. Information on growth and nutrient accumulation must thus be updated to assist in the refinement of existing recommendations, enabling the better exploitation of the productive potential of these new genotypes. We determined the growth of plants and the accumulation and export of nutrients of the short-day onion ‘Soberana’ established by direct seeding. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates and the treatments were evaluation times. Leaf number, tissue dry weight, nutrient accumulation, and the maximum daily rate of accumulation were evaluated throughout the growing cycle. The order of nutrient accumulation was (g plant-1) K (0.72) > Ca (0.38) > N (0.32) > S (0.14) > P (0.08) > Mg (0.06) and (mg plant-1) Fe (2.26) > Mn (1.43) > Cu (0.93) > Zn (0.91) > B (0.85). Macronutrient demand was highest between 61 and 148 days after sowing (DAS), and micronutrient demand was highest between 70 and 148 DAS. | RESUMO Novos híbridos de cebola mais produtivos estão sendo cultivados atualmente. Assim, informações sobre o crescimento e absorção de nutrientes devem ser atualizadas para auxiliar no refinamento das recomendações existentes, possibilitando melhor explorar o potencial produtivo desses novos genótipos. Objetivou-se com o trabalho determinar o crescimento, acúmulo e exportação de nutrientes do híbrido de cebola Soberana no sistema de semeadura direta. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, onde os tratamentos foram épocas de avaliação. Avaliou-se o número de folhas, massa seca, acúmulo de nutrientes e a taxa máxima de acumulo diário. A sequência de acúmulo de nutrientes foi (g planta-1): K (0,72) > Ca (0,38) > N (0,32) > S (0,14) > P (0,08) > Mg (0,06) e (mg planta-1) Fe (2,26) > Mn (1,43) > Cu (0,93) > Zn (0,91) > B (0,85). A exigência máxima dos macronutrientes ocorreu entre 61 e 148 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e dos micronutrientes entre 70 e 148 DAS.

New hybrid onions that are more productive are currently being cultivated. Information on growth and nutrient accumulation must thus be updated to assist in the refinement of existing recommendations, enabling the better exploitation of the productive potential of these new genotypes. We determined the growth of plants and the accumulation and export of nutrients of the short-day onion ‘Soberana’ established by direct seeding. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates and the treatments were evaluation times. Leaf number, tissue dry weight, nutrient accumulation, and the maximum daily rate of accumulation were evaluated throughout the growing cycle. The order of nutrient accumulation was (g plant-1) K (0.72) > Ca (0.38) > N (0.32) > S (0.14) > P (0.08) > Mg (0.06) and (mg plant-1) Fe (2.26) > Mn (1.43) > Cu (0.93) > Zn (0.91) > B (0.85). Macronutrient demand was highest between 61 and 148 days after sowing (DAS), and micronutrient demand was highest between 70 and 148 DAS.

RESUMO O gergelim é uma cultura de elevada complexidade morfofisiológica, com grande variabilidade no hábito de crescimento. A análise quantitativa do crescimento é uma ferramenta acessível e precisa para avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetal e a contribuição de diferentes processos fisiológicos sobre o seu desempenho. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento de cultivares de gergelim em duas épocas de cultivo nas condições de Mossoró-RN. Foram instalados dois experimentos na Horta Didática da UFERSA. O delineamento experimental em cada época foi em blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, onde as parcelas foram representadas pelas cultivares de gergelim: CNPA G2, CNPA G3 e CNPA G4 e as subparcelas consistiram das épocas de coletas (21; 35; 49; 63; 77; 91 e 105 DAS). O crescimento das cultivares de gergelim é lento no início do ciclo vegetativo da cultura, se intensificando no início do florescimento (após os 35 DAS). Entre os índices fisiológicos estudados, a cultivar CNPA G4 apresenta ser mais eficiente em relação ao crescimento, podendo ser variado dependendo da época de cultivo. | ABSTRACT Sesame is a plant with high morphological and physiological complexity, with great variability in growth habit. Quantitative growth analysis is an accessible and accurate tool for evaluating plant development and the contribution of different physiological processes to plant performance. In view of this, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth of sesame cultivars in two cropping seasons in the conditions of Mossoró-RN. Two experiments were conducted in Horta Didactics of UFERSA. The experimental delineation in each time was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in split plots where each experimental plot contained different sesame cultivars, CNPA G2, CNPA G3 and CNPA G4, and the subplots represented seven collection times, 21, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 and 105 days after sowing (DAS). The growth of the sesame cultivars was slow at the beginning of the crop cycle, intensifying at the beginning of flowering (after 35 DAS). Among the physiological indexes studied, CNPA G4 cultivar was more efficient in relation to growth and varied depending on the cropping season.

Sesame is a plant with high morphological and physiological complexity, with great variability in growth habit. Quantitative growth analysis is an accessible and accurate tool for evaluating plant development and the contribution of different physiological processes to plant performance. In view of this, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth of sesame cultivars in two cropping seasons in the conditions of Mossoró-RN. Two experiments were conducted in Horta Didactics of UFERSA. The experimental delineation in each time was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in split plots where each experimental plot contained different sesame cultivars, CNPA G2, CNPA G3 and CNPA G4, and the subplots represented seven collection times, 21, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91 and 105 days after sowing (DAS). The growth of the sesame cultivars was slow at the beginning of the crop cycle, intensifying at the beginning of flowering (after 35 DAS). Among the physiological indexes studied, CNPA G4 cultivar was more efficient in relation to growth and varied depending on the cropping season.