The osmotic conditioning is a technique that uses inert chemically substances with the aim to begin the essential biochemical processes to embryo growth without there is seedling protrusion. This revision refer the several factors that interfere in the osmotic conditioning technique, as well as the use of chemistries, temperature, conditioning period, drying, storage and seeds revigoration. Other aspects as reduced time to obtain seedling, dormance overcome and seed revigoration.

The objective of the present work was to study the characteristics biometrics of the fruit and the effect of the physical and chemical scarification in the germination of seeds of Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex Tul. Ripe fruits were collected in August of 2007 of existent trees in the campus of the Rural Federal University of the Semi-arid, Mossoró- RN. The evaluations were carried at the Laboratory of Analysis of Seeds of the Department of Vegetable Sciences of UFERSA. The germination test was constituted of witness and 4 treatments (types of common vinegar: vinegar of alcohol, vinegar of red wine and vinegar of white wine) and hot water to 65ºC, with 4 repetitions of 50 seeds. The sowing was in containers plastic with dimensions of 32.5 x 24 x 4 cm (length, width and depth). The used substrates were sand washed sterilized previously and being irrigated with water distilled. The appraised characteristics were: mass of the fresh matter and matter dries of the seedling, germination percentage and index of emergency velocity. The immersion of the seeds in vinegar of white wine favors the germination, the index of germination velocity and the accumulation of fresh and dry matter of the juca seedlings.

With the purpose of to evaluate the milk composition of cows fed with sugar cane whose crude protein had been corrected with soybean meal and different urea levels and ammonia sulphate, twelve dairy Holstein pure breed and crossbreed cows maintained in tie stall fed ad libitum twice a day had been used. The forage:concentrated relationship at the beginning of experiment was 55:45%, corresponding 1kg of intent ration for each 2kg of milk produced. The animals were distributed in three Latin squares 4x4, according to lactation period. The duration of each period was 17 days, being the first 10 days of adaptation and seven days to data collection. The experiment was composed of four treatments: sugar-cane with soy bean meal and sugar-cane with 0.4; 0.8 and 1.2% of the mixture urea and ammonia sulphate (9:1). No difference was found among the diets for milk production with and without correction to 3.5% fat, neither for milk composition and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) when the diet with soy meal based concentrate was compared with the diets with different urea levels. The soy meal can be used for protein correction the sugar-cane. For correction using the mixture urea and ammonia sulfate (9:1) the level of 1.2% is recommended.

The current model of economic development is based on a predatory and exculpatory vision, which discloses a way of being inhuman. Implying in changes of perception, thoughts and values, it has seen, that the form as the nature is explored in accordance with varies the ambient perception of the community or group. This work objectified to analyze the perception of Juazeirinho/PB agricultural communities referring the extinction of biodiversity of caatinga, aiming at to delineate sensitization strategies that make possible the valuation of this biome. The work portrays a carried through participant research with the communities Escurinha and Mendonça. For the collection of data direct comment was used, with visits to the communities, dynamics, half-structuralized interview and accomplishment of meeting. According to community some vegetal and animal species are disappearing. Between the animals they are cited: corduniz (Nothura sp), gato do mato (Felisa tigrina), gato maracajá (Felis wildi), mocó (Kerodon rupestris), preá (Gálea sprixii), Tejo (Família Teiidae), tatu peba (Euphractus sexcinctus), tatu verdadeiro (Dasypus novmcinctus) e o guaxinim (Procyon camcrivorus).Between vegetables they had been cited: Aveloz (Euphorbia gimnoclada), Imbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa), Aroeira (Myracroduom unrudeuva), Caatingueira (Caesalpinia pyramidali), Baraúna (Schnopsis brasiliensis), Quixabeira (Bumelia sertorum), Mufumbo (Combretum leprosum). We can verify that it is necessary to promote changes in the ambient perception of the studied communities, thus allowing, to awake for problematic ambient, to point and to search solutions, that take the valuation of local biodiversity.

The present research if developed in an area of 7 ha that it was divided in seven equal sub-parcels and it had as objective to evaluate the effect of itinerant agriculture by means of drill and forest fire of the lenhosa vegetation, with subsequente plantation of maize and beans, for up to two years followed of rest for up to five years on the edafic fauna. In the period of rest these areas had been used as area of maintenance of ten sheep matrices. To the side of these systems an established secondary bush has 50 years was used as control. Had been installed traps type "Pitfal" for the collects of the fauna of the soil in the period of abundant rain and the dry period. The forest fires carried through in the treatments cultivated with maize and beans, had contributed for a drastic reduction in the diversity of the soil fauna. The group's formicidae and coleopters had been gifts more abundantly in all the handling systems what it exactly shows its presences in caatinga in adverse conditions. The period of collects of the fauna of soil influenced in the evaluated biological attributes.

In the North of Minas Gerais the equineculture is an important activity because it corroborates the success in the breeding of beef cattle. The equine verminosis control in this region has not been applied considering the anthelmintic resistances of nematodes and this resistance has been observed in some equine herds in Brazil. The present study has the objective to evaluate the effectiveness of pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin association in mare verminosis in the North of Minas Gerais, during the peripatum. After fourteen days of the first faecal egg count (FEC) and treatment of the animals with these respective bases, the FEC reduction test indicated 98.1% effectiveness and the coprocultures were negative. After the worm identification from the control group, was observed 30% of filariod worms of Strongyloides spp., 30% of the genus Haemonchus, 20% were worms of Cyathosminae, 10% of the genus Trichostrongylgys and 10% of the genus Oesophagodontus. The results observed suggest that the use of pyrantel pamoate associated with ivermectin was safe during the peripartum and efficient in the FEC reduction of naturally infected mares raised in pastures of the North of Minas Gerais.

The high incidence of the solar radiation and temperature and the high annual variability of the rainfall during the year in the region of semiarid Paraiba, contribute for the losses of CO2 of the soil. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the microbial activity according the emissions of C-CO2 in a micro basin which is in a process of environmental degradation in Paraíba semiarid, located in the "Fazenda Experimental Bacia Escola, CCA, UFPB" in São João do Cariri, PB, during a translation, in the years of 2003 to 2004. Five points of determination had been choosed in a toposequence where there vas evaluated the microbial activity by the C-CO2 production. In the rainy season the tax of losses of CO2 of the soil diminished independent of the position of determination in the toposequence. In the dry season, when there was some pluviometric precipitation, the tax of edaphic respiration, expressed in terms of losses of CO2 from the soil to the atmosphere, increased with the water availability of the soil.

The study was carried out in Fazenda Pau Ferro, Itaperuna - RJ, to evaluate soil quality attributes in pastures areas, Braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf), Suázi (Digitaria swazilandensis Stent) and Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp. cv Tifton 85) cultivated in hill relief. Soil samples were collected at 0-10 and 10 -30 cm depth in two times; dry period (August of 2004, May of 2005 and August of 2005) and in the rainy period (December of 2004) in different sections: at the hillside shoulder (TS), backslope (TM) and footslope (TI) positions. In the samples soil chemical and physical analyses were accomplished. Were evaluated the soil aggregate stability; the bulk density (BD) and the total volume of pores (TVP), total organic carbon (TOC) and soil fertility. To study the multidimensional effect of soil attributes the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied. The pastures areas showed a good aggregation levels, in the different times and depths evaluated. The grasses Tifton 85 and Braquiária propitiated a higher TOC contribution in the depth of 0-10 cm and also larger aggregate weight in the class> 2,0mm, in the dry period. Higher values of BD were observed in the TI. In the rainy period it was observed a BD reduction and TVP increase, mainly for the Suázi areas. In a general way, the positions of the hillside TS and TM were the ones that showed the higher values for the physical and chemical attributes indicating a better soil quality in these areas. In the TI area the lowest levels of soil quality were observed, possibly for the accentuated steepness of this last position of the slope in relation to the other positions. The PCA separated the areas in function of seasonal variation. The dry season presented the higher correlation values with soil quality attributes such as the aggregation indexes and TOC. The aggregate weight distribution in function of the size classes, especially > 2,0 mm, MGD, MWD and TOC were a indicative sensitive to the effects of the treatments, grasses types and seasonal variation.

The albizia is a species arbores of the Leguminosae - Mimosoideae family (Momosaceas), native of Tropical Asia and characterized for presenting a speed growth, ability to fix nitrogen and to improve the structure of earth, especially in areas degraded, having uses multiples and facility to co associate with cultures agricultural. The research was lead in two experiments with the objective of to identify methods to superation of dormancy in seeds of albizia and to verify the effect of light and temperatures in germination of this species. In first the seeds were submitted the twelve methods to superation of dormancy: humid heat, immersion in hot water, immersion in sulfuric acid, and escarification mechanic, beyond of the witness, being determined the percentage of germination of seeds seard and deceased. In second experiment, after treatment with sulfuric acid for 10 minutes, the seeds were sowed in tabledoch paper type Germitest and put to germinate under nine combinations: continue light and constant temperature of 25oC; continue light and constant temperature of 35oC; continue light and alternated temperature (35oC/8h and 25oC/16h); dark continue and constant temperature of 25oC; dark continue and constant temperature of 35oC; dark continue and alternated temperature (35oC/8h and 25oC/16h); alternance of light (light/8h and dark/16h), 25oC; alternance of light (light/8h and dark/16h), 35oC and alternance of light and temperature (light/35oC/8h and dark/20oC/16h). Conclusion the specie Albizia lebbeck presents seeds dormancy, detach-itself the escarification mechanic and the sulfuric acid as efficient methods to the superation of dormancy; the seeds of albizia are insensitive to the light and your germination was not influenced by the temperatures useds.

The objective of evaluating the effect of salinity water irrigation of the for vegetative phase of castor culture, it was developed a greenhouse experiment in the Ciências Ambientais Department of UFERSA. The experimental delineating used was entirely randomized with six treatments and three replications. The soil utilized was eutrofic Redyellow Latossol and the treatment was six waters with different salinity levels (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 dS·m-1). The cropping was carried out with the BRS 149-Nordestina variety. The variables evaluated were: chemical-physical characteristics of the soil (pH, Electrical Conductivity, Ca, Mg e Na), and in the plant, the plant height, stalk diameter, fresh and dry matter, and leaf area. It was observed that soil undergo had the influence of the waters utilized: the pH, Electrical Conductivity and changeable Na with the water salinity. With the increase of the salinity, the plant development decreased, with increased of salinity.