The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different freezing times on the physical and chemical properties of goat Saanen breed milk in different the stages lactation L1 (55-65 days); L2 (75-85 days); L3 (95-105 days) and L4 (125-135 days). Three freezing times were tested: -18 ºC (40, 80 and 120 days) and time control (time zero). The stages of lactation of the goats influenced the cryoscopic index, the fat percentages, lactose, protein and total dry extract of the milks samples; nevertheless, the values that were found are between the limits accepted by the law. The results have shown that the milk freezing time did not influence (P<0,05) the density, cryoscopic, fat, lactose, protein and total dry extract parameters of the milk samples. There was an effect of interaction of stages the lactation x the freezing time of the milk (P<0,05) for the pH and acidity, which showed lower values with the increasing freezing time of the milks samples. The freezing time of goat milk proved to be a good means technical of preservation of its physical and chemical components, guaranteeing the product final quality and enabling the delivery the same in periods of low production.

The present study aimed to use DNA markers to select plants for the first and second backcross (BC) of two distinct populations of common bean, carrying the QTL for resistance to white mold and RAPD and microsatellite markers to identify the plants of the BC population more similar to their recurrent parent. For this, it was used the lines G122 (resistant - P1) as donor parent and VC3 (susceptible - P2) as recurrent parent for generation of the population F1RC1-GV evaluated for resistance to white mold by means of the SCAR Phs and genotyped with RAPD primers. In the F1RC2-EM population were used the lines Ex Rico 23 (resistant) as donor parent and M20 (susceptible) as recurrent parent evaluated for resistance to white mold, by means of RAPD primers O12.1600 and O15.1800 and genotyped with microsatellite (SSR) primers. Genetic similarity (sgij) between each BC plant and the recurrent parent was estimated using the Sorensen-Dice coefficient. The proportion of the SSR alleles derived from the recurrent parent was also estimated and, simultaneously, genetic similarity and the proportion of SSR alleles were efficient for identifying plants more similar to the recurrent parent. It was found that marker assisted selection (MAS) contributes to reducing the number of BC in at least a generation.

Due to continued machinery, soil mobilization has caused considerable changes in both soil bulk density (physical attributes) and organic C content, risking crop yield reduction and negative environmental effects. In this context, this work aimed at assessing changes in both physical attributes and in organic C content of a Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo surface horizon, subjected to no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage with disk plow (DP), heavy harrow (HG), and disc plow plus harrow (DP+HG) for 23 years. A natural forest fragment (NF) was used as reference area. A randomized-block design with 8 x 12 m plots and four replications was used. Soil samples were collected at 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-40 cm depths in order to assess soil density, total organic carbon content, porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and aggregate stability. Results showed that continued cultivation increases soil physical degradation, as evidenced by both macro porosity and total porosity reduction, aggregate stability, saturated hydraulic conductivity, total organic carbon, and soil density increase. The NT was found to best contribute to soil physical properties improvement and total organic carbon recovery in 0-5 cm surface layer.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the persistence of herbicides in weed management in pre and post emergence soybean and evaluate its effects on corn grown in succession. In field experiments we adopted the randomized block design with four replications, being appointed nine treatments (doses in kg ha-1): imazaquin (0.161 kg ha-1), diclosulam (0.035 kg ha-1), sulfentrazone (0.600 kg ha-1) and flumioxazin (0.050 kg ha-1) in pre emergence applications, and chlorimuron-ethyl (0.015 kg ha-1), imazethapyr (0.060 kg ha-1), imazethapyr (0.100 kg ha-1) and fomesafen (0.250 kg ha-1) applied post emergence soybean and a control without herbicide. Variables of phytotoxicity, plant height, dry matter accumulation of shoot and grain yield were evaluated. The results showed that imazethapyr (0.1 kg ha-1) and diclosulam (0.035 kg ha-1) caused a reduction in corn yield of 15.02% and 70.65% respectively. The residual activity was not sufficient to cause negative effect on grain yield for corn cultivar 30K75Y in the Cerrado region.

The aerial application of pesticides is a valuable tool in agriculture, when based on well-defined technical criterion. This paper aimed to evaluate the spatial dependence of the drops spectrum and its deposition by an aerial application over the soybean crop (Glycine max). An experimental agricultural aircraft was used, model Acrobat, from England Company, equipped with eight rotary atomizers, model Micronair AU 5000, applying a spray volume of 20 L ha-1. To obtain the droplet spectrum were used hidro sensitive targets consisting of paper, distributed in the middle third and higher plants. Spectrum analysis of the drops was made using the computer program "CIR" version 1.5 in 2002. To determine the amount deposited on the leaves of the upper, middle, and bottom of the soybean plants, we used the bright blue food coloring added to the spray solution. These leaves were washed and the amount determined by spectrophotometry. The analysis of spatial dependence was evaluated using the GS + version 7 program. The results show no spatial dependence for the attributes. There was a low percentage of coverage in the upper and middle third of the plants. The geostatistical analysis can be used to characterize the spatial attributes of application coverage, but should be used a sampling grid of smaller size.

The search for healthy foods associate with health and quality of life has contributed to increase the fish consumption. The aim of this study was to verify the profile of fish consumption by the customers of the UFERSA restaurant. 135 questionnaires were applied to meet the consumer of fish, frequency, forms of use and receptivity to new products made of fish. The results indicated low fish consumption by the customers assigned to low supply, lack of habit and high price compared to other meats. The respondents were receptive to new products unless the price is competitive. Research and development of new products based on fish are needed combined with the marketing showing benefits of fish consumption to health.

The viruses from the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae are considered emergent pathogens, mainly because of the population explosion of their insect vectors. For this reason, more attention needs to be directed to the correct virus species identification inside the genus. The present paper had the objectives of serologically detecting a begomovirus in Macroptilium lathyroides plants in the State of Ceará, and developing biological, serological and molecular studies with a virus isolate obtained from M. lathyroides. Indirect ELISA with antiserum for Macroptilium golden mosaic virus (MaGMV) demonstrated that the samples collected from M. lathyroides showing golden mosaic in the field were infected with a begomovirus. The virus isolate obtained was transmitted by grafting to eight species of the family Leguminosae, four species of Solonaceae, and one species in the family Amaranthaceae. The virus also was transmitted from M. lathyroides to M. lathyroides by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotype B. A DNA fragment of 1.2 kb was obtained by PCR with the primers PAL1v 1978 and PAR1c 496 for component A, and a DNA fragment of 0.5 kb was obtained with the primers PBL1v 2040 and PCR cl for component B, confirming the presence of a begomovirus infecting M. lathyroides. Molecular studies indicated that the begomovirus isolate showed 77% genomic similarity with Bean golden mosaic virus and 75% with Cowpea golden mosaic virus for their cp and rep genes, indicating the possibility that the isolate is a distinct virus species of the Begomovirus genus.

The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the Jathropa curcas L response to different doses of nitrogen, water regimes and soil surface nature. The experiment was conducted from May 2009 to February 2010 under greenhouse conditions at the Sustainable Development Center of the Federal University of Paraiba in Sumé-PB. A factorial experiment in blocks was used with four organic fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg of N/ ha), four irrigation levels (50, 75, 100 and 125% the Class A pan evaporation) and four additional treatments with soil mulching. Sixty plastic vases 100 l capacity were used to cultivate the plants during 257 days and a Class A Evaporation Pan was installed in the greenhouse to monitor daily water evaporation. The plant variables evaluated were plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, total aerial and root dry mass. The increase of the soil water content and soil mulching had significant effect on the evaluated plant variables.

The timbó (Magonia pubescens St. Hil.), tree typical of the cerrado, has medicinal, timber, craft, ornamental and larvicidal. The aim of this paper to evaluate seedling emergence of M. pubescens under different light conditions. The experiment was conducted in chambers B.O.D. temperature 30 °C, substrate sand, in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications of 50 seeds. The treatments were: 1) a photoperiod of 24 hours, 2) absence of light, 3) a photoperiod of 12 hours, 4) a photoperiod of 8 hours and 5) a photoperiod of 16 hours. The smallest percentage and emergence rate (45% and 14 days) were provided 12 h light and 12 h dark, and the emergence in all treatments was high (90 to 97.5%) and emergency speed too (7.4 to 10.5 days). The seeds of M. pubescens photoblastic are neutral in laboratory conditions at a temperature of 30 ºC and the emergence occurs between four and nine days.

In the reclamation of a degraded area, it is important the use of nitrogen fixing legumes, associated with climax species, to make possible a faster recovery of the environment. In urban centers various wastes are produced, among them the marble rock waste, which, despite having agricultural value, ends up being thrown in the environment.. The objective of this work was to evaluate the Cedrela fissilis growth and of pioneering legume in quincunx system, in degraded area, fertilized with doses of marble rock waste. The treatments, distributed in factorial scheme 2 x 4, in the randomized block design, with three replicates, were: two species of pioneering legume (Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis in quincunx system with the Cedrela fissilis) and four doses of marble rock waste (0; 300; 600 and 900 g.cova-1). Were determined annually, along three years, the height of the plants, the stem diameter, the cup diameter and, in the end, the mortality percentage. The Acacia auriculiformis presented characteristic of better growth than the Acacia mangium and greater resistance to adverse conditions of degraded soil. There was tendency of reduction of the characteristics of growth of the Cedrela fissilis and of the Acacias with the increment of the doses of rock powder applied to the soil. The Cedrela fissilis presented, in general, larger growth, when combined with Acacia mangium than with Acacia auriculiformis, however, showed a high mortality after two years of planting.