The objective of this study was to evaluate the g rowth of cowpea under the effect of herbicides fomesafen and bentazon + imazamox. The experiment w as conducted in a randomized block design, using th e split-plot scheme. In the plots were evaluated thre e weeds management systems (culture kept weeded by hoe- ing, with application of fomesafen (250 g ha -1 and the mixture of herbicides bentazon + imazamox (1.200 + 56 g ha -1 )) and in the subplots, 10 evaluation periods: 05, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40, 47, 54, 61 and 68 days after em er- gence (DAE). In each evaluation were collected rand omly in two of the four rows of the floor area of t he plots, three plants of cowpea to determine the following c haracteristics: leaf area, dry mass of leaves, stem , pods and total per plant, leaf area index, leaf area ratio, as well as the rates of absolute and relative growt h and of net assimilation. At harvest, we evaluated the number o f plants (stand), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-grain weight and grain yield. The fome safen caused severe intoxication in cowpea, delayin g flow- ering and harvest in seven days, while reducing pro ductivity. The mixture of the herbicides bentazon + ima- zamox did not affect the characteristics related to the growth of cowpea plants as well as the product ion compo- nents.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of soil management systems in no - tillage system (NTS) and crop rotations and on soil chemical properties. The experiment was conducted for six con- secutive years, during which were made 12 crops (summer and winter). The experimental design was com- pletely randomized in a split plot scheme. Treatments included four soil management (plots): P 1 = NTS fol- lowed annually for a plowing in the winter; P2 = NTS followed biennially for a plowing in the winter; P3 = NTS followed every three years for a plowing and P4 = continuous NTS. Subplots were crop rotation with crops in the summer and winter: R 1 = millet - common bean - millet - common bean - rice - common bean - millet - common bean - millet - common bean - rice - common bean; R 2 = Soybean - common bean - soybean - wheat - rice - soybean - common bean - soybean - wheat - rice - common bean; R 3 = corn - common bean - corn - tomato - rice - common bean - corn - common bean - corn - tomato - rice - common bean; R 4 = millet - soybean - common bean - rice - common bean - millet - soybean - common bean - rice - common bean; R 5 = millet - common bean - corn - common bean - rice - common bean - millet - common bean - corn - common bean - rice - common bean; R 6 = Soybean - common bean - corn – common bean - rice - soybean - corn - common bean - rice - common bean. Each rotation cycle of three years crop season was repeated twice. Systems of soil management and crop rotations significantly affected soil chemical properties. The chemical attributes Ca, Mg, organic matter, P, K, Mn and Zn concentrated in the top- soil regardless of the crop rotation used in the managements of less soil disturbance. The pH values were simi- lar during the 12 seasons in six years. The crop rotations used in different soil managements under NTS provid- ed the improvement of soil fertility with values of organic matter, P, K, Cu, Mn and Zn contents equal to or higher than the initial values.

The relative toxicity of the mustard (Brassica rapa L.) essential oil (MEO) on young and old larvae, pupae, and adults of Sitophilus zeamais and Callosobruchus maculatus was determined using concen- tration-response bioassays. The respiration rate of adults was measured to determine its influence on its toxic- ity. Different developmental stages of both species differed significantly in their response to MEO, with the adults being much more susceptible than the immature stages. Although adult mortality did not differ between species, the adult respiration rate of C. maculatus was significantly higher than that of S. zeamais. Thus, the toxicity oil for adults was not influenced by natural respiration rate of species investigated.

The fruits and seeds of tucumã-of-Goiás have important nutritional properties and are used in human consumption and feed. Thus, the study of the thermodynamic properties in the drying process is critical to project analysis equipment, preservation and packaging process of seeds. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the thermodynamic properties for different hygroscopic moisture contents of seeds tucumãof- Goiás. For the experimental data we used the static indirect at temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C and moisture content of 12.8; 8.9; 5.8 and 3.6% dry base (d.b). The model Copace was that got the best fit to hygroscopic equilibrium moisture content. The thermodynamic properties are affected by moisture content, and the latent heat of vaporization of water from the seeds increases with the decrease in the equilibrium moisture content ranging from 3049.00 to 2666.73 kJ kg-1 for moisture content of 3.6 to 12.8% d.b., respectively. The enthalpy and differential entropy are strongly related to the moisture content of seeds. The isokinetic temperature of 210.93 K confirms the chemical linear compensation between differential entropy and enthalpy seeds of tucumã-of-Goiás, the desorption process being controlled by the enthalpy of seeds.

This study aimed to evaluate antagonism and metabolites produced by different species of Ba- cillus in the inhibition of mycelial growth in vitro against F. oxysporum f. sp . lycopersici . For evaluating the antagonism of Bacillus spp. F. oxysporum f. sp . lycopersici was performed pairing of fungus and bacteria by the method of the circle. In the method for detection for the quality for thermostable metabolites liquids. Media BD were used for growth of the isolated Bacillus sp. And incubated for 15 days. After this period, was added 3 g of agar in each flask, and autoclaved broth and poured into Petri dishes. In the center of the plates were placed discs culture of the pathogen. The experimental design was completely randomized with 11 treatments and six repetitions in both experiments. Statistical difference was found between the isolate and the control. Special mention to strains B12 ( Bacillus sp.), B41 ( B. cereus ), B22' ( B.pentothenticus ), B45 ( B. cereus ), B47 ( B. cereus ) that exhibited the lowest average diameter of the colony. To study the inhibition of mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by thermostatable metabolites five differ statistically from the control they are: B35 ( B. pumilus ), B47 ( B. cereus ), B22' ( B. pentothenticus ), B12 ( Bacillus sp.) and B41 ( B. cereus ) the latter two treatments showed the best results of the pathogen colony diameters and 3.81 to 2.89 cm, respective- ly. B12 and B41 Isolates showed that their antibiotic products were able to inhibit 67.88 % and 57,66 % of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici . These results highlight the possibility of using isolates of the genus Bacillus in the fight against fusarium wilt in tomato.

Macroptilium martii Benth. is a native grass species of the Caatinga, used in the feeding of cattle and goats during dry periods. This study aimed to characterize the fruit and seeds, as well as evaluating the germination of the seeds of M. martii subjected to different methods of scarification. For the characterization of the seeds was carried out using biometrics a random sample of 100 seeds and 100 fruits. Mass, length, width and thickness of fruits and seeds, and number of seeds per fruit were evaluated. With and without lopping: monitoring the soaking curve using two treatments: with and without lopping. Twelve pregerminative to assess seed dormancy treatments were used: control, coating, soaking for 12, 24 and 48 hours, warm to 80 °C for 3, 6 and 12 minutes and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 3, 6 water 12 minutes. The seeds were germinated as substrate type germitest paper towel. The design was completely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds each. The data were submitted to Tukey test at 5% probability. The seeds of M. martii have low variation for biometric features. Furthermore, seeds respond to standard soaking phase, being verified by the dormancy coating impermeable. The most appropriate method for breaking dormancy is blunt on the side opposite the micropyle, it provides the best conditions for seed germination.

The study was conducted to evaluate the intake, digestibility, production and composition of milk from goats fed with diets containing different protein sources (soybean meal, cottonseed cake, aerial part cassava hay, leucaena hay). Were used eight goats with 96.5 ± 3.7 days in lactation, producing 2.0 ± 0.44 kg of milk and with an average initial weight of 47.5 ± 6.6 kg distributed in two Latin square 4 x 4. The animals fed the diet containing aerial part cassava hay presented (P<0.05) higher intake of rumen undegradable protein and an intake neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein higher than (P<0.05) the diet with soybean meal. The use of cottonseed cake as protein source have provided (P<0.05) intake of rumen degradable protein and ether extract higher than the remaining diets. The nutrient digestibility, production and milk composition were similar (P>0.05) between the protein sources evaluated. The efficiency of nitrogen utilization and secretion of urea in milk presented significant effect (P<0.05) in that diet with aerial part cassava hay had lower average compared to the diet with soybean meal. Diets containing soybean meal, cottonseed cake, aerial part cassava hay or leucaena hay can be used as a protein source in diets for lactating goats, not to change the digestibility of nutrients or interfere with the production and composition of milk.

In aquaculture, infections caused by bacteria are factors that cause damage. The purpose of this study was to identify bacteria with pathogenic potential in pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri) of São Francisco Valley. One hundred and fifteen animals were used for sampling from gills, kidneys, external lesions and eggs. The samples were streaked in Trypticase soy agar. The biochemical and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined. The bacterial species identified were A.hydrophila, A. salmonicida, A. media, Acinetobacter spp., P. alcaligenes, E. aerogenes, E. agglomerans, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, P.shigelloides, V. parahaemo- lyticus, V. metschnikovii and S. sannei. The sensitivity to antimicrobial was 85% to norfloxacin, 79% to ceftri- axone, 78% to enrofloxacin, 68% to sulfazothrim, 60% to nitrofurantoin, 59% to tetracycline, 55% to nalidixic acid, 49% to streptomycin, 45% to erythromycin, 32% to neomycin, 7% to ampicillin and 3% to lincomycin. Multiple resistance was observed to all isolates analyzed. Considering the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in pacamã and its resistance to antimicrobial drugs, security measures should be adopted during antimicrobialther- apy, with the use of antibiotics that did not show resistance strains or trying natural products as an alternative to antibiotics, ensuring protection of human and animal health, as well as the environment.

Glyphosate is one of best known agrochemicals and i s used to prevent the spread of weeds. However, little is known about the impact of this c hemical on non-target organisms such as the soil mi crobial community. Therefore, the objective of this study w as to evaluate the effect of glyphosate on the micr oorgan- ism population and the microbial attributes of soil s cultivated with yellow and sweet passion fruits. The experi- mental design used was complete randomized blocks i n a 3 x 2 factorial scheme with the times of soil s ample collection (0, 5 and 47 days after herbicide applic ation- DAH) and the two species of passion fruit ye llow ( Passiflorae dulis f. flavicarpa O. Deg.) and sweet ( Passiflora alata Dryand) as the factors,with three replica- tions. No impact of the glyphosate herbicide was fo undon the bacterial communities of soil. However, a mild and transitory impact was observedon the fungal pop ulations, encouraging these populationsat 47 DHA. G ly- phosate changed the carbon microbial biomass and so il microbial attributes, except for total organic c arbon. Multivariate, principal component analysis revealed that the total bacteria, endospore-forming bacteri a, total fungi, carbon microbial biomass and metabolic quoti ent attributes of soil are the most sensitive facto rs for pre- dicting the impact of glyphosate on biological indi cators of soil planted with two species of passion fruit yellow ( P. edulis f. Flavicarpa ) and sweet ( P. alata ).

The objective of this research was to characterize the spineless forage cactus production in the semi-arid region of Paraiba State in the Northeast of Brazil. Information from 199 interviews carried out in the rural area of municipal districts in the Paraiban Cariri region was used. The interviews were conducted from February 2008 through August 2009. The data were tabulated in a spreadsheet, where a matrix with the ques- tions and answers of each interviewee was established. The production systems were defined using principal component analysis, followed by cluster grouping of quantitative variables. The first three principal compo- nents explained 61.60% of total variation. The application of cluster analysis, based on scores of the three main components, identified four cactus forage groups of producers. The livestock activity prevails on the ag- riculture and it is imposed as an appropriate activity in the production systems of the agriculture sector in the Paraiban Cariri region. The cultivation of forage cactus predominates over other cultivated forage plants, being fully incorporated into the local productive process of Paraiban Cariri region.