ABSTRACT: The aim was to study during a year, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the thinning Caatinga grazing sheep at continuous stocking, in Serra Talhada-PE. The research consisted of data collection of vegetation and sheep, in 38 hectares of Caatinga from a private farm. We evaluated the herbage mass, herbal chemical composition, botanical composition, bare soil, litter, plants height, stocking rate, animal performance and herbage allowance. Herbage mass ranged from 422 ± 42 to 1262 ± 95 kg DM.ha-1within the period January 2011 to January 2012, which led to decreased herbage allowance (13,1± 1,3 a 56,4± 4,2 kg MS.kg PV-1). The weight gain of sheep observed was 2.0 ± 2.2 kg. head-1.period-1 and 3.8 ± 4.0 kg.ha-1.period-1. The litter during the dry season was higher in October 2011 (38.8 ± 4.1%) and January 2012 (41.4 ± 4.3%). Increased values were observed on bare soil, mainly in dry season, averaging 24.4 ± 1.5%. With the advance of the dry season, the concentrations of DM, NDF, ADF and TC of pasture increased, while the CP, MM, and NFC decreased. In general, the Caatinga show varieties in the range of herbage mass, forage chemical composition, and animal performance, over the year. | RESUMO: Objetivou-se estudar no período de um ano as características quantitativas e qualitativas da Caatinga raleada sob pastejo de ovinos em lotação contínua. A pesquisa consistiu em levantamento de dados da vegetação e dos ovinos em 38 hectares de Caatinga em propriedade particular. Foi avaliada a massa de forragem, composição bromatológica e botânica, solo descoberto, serrapilheira, altura média de plantas, taxa de lotação, desempenho animal e oferta de forragem. A massa de forragem variou de 422 ± 42 a 1.262 ± 95 kg MS.ha-1 no período de janeiro/2011 a janeiro/2012, com consequente variação da oferta de forragem de 13,1 ± 1,3 a 56,4 ± 4,2 kg MS.kg PV-1. O ganho de peso vivo dos ovinos observados foram 2,0 ± 2,2 kg.cabeça-1.ciclo-1 e 3,8 ± 4,0 kg.ha-1.ciclo-1. A serrapilheira no período seco foi maior nos meses de outubro/2011 (38,8 ± 4,1%) e janeiro/2012 (41,4 ± 4,3%). Elevados valores de solo descoberto foram observados principalmente ao longo do período seco, apresentando em média 24,4 ± 1,5 % em relação ao período total. Com o avanço do período seco os teores de MS, FDN, FDA e CHOT do pasto aumentaram, enquanto que os teores de PB, MM e CNF reduziram. A Caatinga raleada apresenta variações, ao longo do ano, na massa de forragem, composição bromatológica e desempenho animal.

The aim was to study during a year, the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the thinning Caatinga grazing sheep at continuous stocking, in Serra Talhada-PE. The research consisted of data collection of vegetation and sheep, in 38 hectares of Caatinga from a private farm. We evaluated the herbage mass, herbal chemical composition, botanical composition, bare soil, litter, plants height, stocking rate, animal performance and herbage allowance. Herbage mass ranged from 422 ± 42 to 1262 ± 95 kg DM.ha-1within the period January 2011 to January 2012, which led to decreased herbage allowance (13,1± 1,3 a 56,4± 4,2 kg MS.kg PV- 1 ). The weight gain of sheep observed was 2.0 ± 2.2 kg. head-1 .period-1 and 3.8 ± 4.0 kg.ha-1 .period-1 . The litter during the dry season was higher in October 2011 (38.8 ± 4.1%) and January 2012 (41.4 ± 4.3%). Increased values were observed on bare soil, mainly in dry season, averaging 24.4 ± 1.5%. With the advance of the dry season, the concentrations of DM, NDF, ADF and TC of pasture increased, while the CP, MM, and NFC decreased. In general, the Caatinga show varieties in the range of herbage mass, forage chemical composition, and animal performance, over the year.

ABSTRACT: Despite the knowledge that you have about the benefits of the humus of the worms or vermicompost, there is a need to evaluate the technical feasibility of using other sources of carbon for worms. The objective was to evaluate the possibility of using straw of coffee to vermicompost production, the effects of their use on worms and on the quality of humus obtained. The evaluated treatments consisted of: (1 straw of coffee (SC) 100%; 2 SC 75% + manure (MA); 3 50% SC + 50% MA; 4 25% SC + 75% MA; 5 100% MA). The straw of coffee and the manure were incubated for 64 days to make them available to feed the worms and more 84 days to digest the substrate. The straw of coffee increased the number of worms without resulting in harmful effects. The percentage increment of the straw in the constitution of the vermicompost increased the availability of N, K, Ca and Cu, but it reduced the availability of Mg, S, Mn, P, Fe and Zn. Aiming o the medium supply of nutrients, the proportion of the 50% of straw of coffee and 50% of manure is designated. | RESUMO: Apesar do conhecimento que se tem sobre os benefícios do húmus de minhoca ou vermicomposto há necessidade de se avaliar a viabilidade técnica de utilização de outras fontes de carbono para as minhocas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da palha de café associada ao esterco bovino para produção de vermicomposto sobre as minhocas e a qualidade do húmus obtido. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de: 1) Esterco Bovino 100%; 2) Palha de Café 25% + Esterco Bovino 75%; 3) Palha de Café 50% + Esterco Bovino 50%; 4) Palha de Café 75% + Esterco Bovino 25%; e 5) Palha de Café 100%. A palha de café e o esterco permaneceram incubados por 64 dias para que ficassem disponíveis para a alimentação das minhocas e mais 84 dias para digestão do substrato. A palha de café não interferiu no incremento populacional das minhocas. O aumento percentual da palha na constituição do vermicomposto aumentou a disponibilidade de N, K, Ca e Cu, mas reduziu em P, Mg, S, Mn, Fe e Zn. Visando o fornecimento médio de nutrientes, a proporção de 50% de palha de café e 50% de esterco de bovino é a mais indicada.

Despite the knowledge that you have about the benefits of the humus of the worms or ver- micompost, there is a need to evaluate the technical feasibility of using other sources of carbon for worms. The objective was to evaluate the possibility of using straw of coffee to vermicompost production, the effects of their use on worms and on the quality of humus obtained. The evaluated treatments consisted of: (1 straw of coffee (SC) 100%; 2 SC 75% + manure (MA); 3 50% SC + 50% MA; 4 25% SC + 75% MA; 5 100% MA). The straw of coffee and the manure were incubated for 64 days to make them available to feed the worms and more 84 days to digest the substrate. The straw of coffee increased the number of worms without resulting in harmful effects. The percentage increment of the straw in the constitution of the vermicompost increased the availability of N, K, Ca and Cu, but it reduced the availability of Mg, S, Mn, P, Fe and Zn. Aiming o the medi- um supply of nutrients, the proportion of the 50% of straw of coffee and 50% of manure is designated.

ABSTRACT: The Integrated Diagnosis and Recommendation (DRIS) is based on the calculation of an index for each nutrient. For the calculation of DRIS norms, there is a need a database containing the results of leaf analysis and yield. In Pará State, no DRIS norms developed for the cultivation of hybrid coconut. The objective was to develop DRIS norms for this culture. The aim was carried at the Socôco farm in Moju PA. The database consisted of 134 observations for the period 2001-2011. We obtained the mean, standard deviation, variance and coefficient of variation of the relationships of concentrations of nutrients, and the coefficients of correlation between the ratio of each pair of nutrients and fruit yield. DRIS norms were established based on the population of high productivity. Of the 110 relationships, 55 were selected to DRIS norms, using two selection criteria of relationships between nutrients. The highest values of standard deviation, variance and coefficient of variation were presented to the leaf levels of the micronutrients iron, manganese, and boron. While the nutrients showed higher percentages of samples with levels below the adequate levels used were Mg and Ca, and finally the nutrients in leaf samples presented above or equal to the adequate levels contents were Fe, Mn and Ca. | RESUMO: O Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS) é baseado no cálculo de um índice para cada nutriente. Para o cálculo das normas DRIS há a necessidade de um banco de dados contendo resultados de análise foliar e produtividade. No Estado do Pará não existem normas DRIS desenvolvidas para a cultura do coqueiro híbrido. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver essas normas para a cultura do coqueiro híbrido. O trabalho foi realizado em área comercial de coqueiro no município de Moju (PA). O banco de dados foi formado por 134 amostras no período de 2001 a 2011. Foram obtidas a média, o desvio padrão, o coeficiente de variação e a variância das relações das concentrações dos nutrientes, além dos coeficientes de correlação entre a relação de cada par de nutrientes e a produtividade de frutos. As normas foram estabelecidas com base na população de alta produtividade. Das 110 relações 55 foram selecionadas para compor as referidas normas, utilizando dois critérios de seleção das relações entre os nutrientes. Os maiores valores de desvio padrão, variância e coeficiente de variação foram apresentados para os teores foliares dos micronutrientes, quais sejam: ferro, manganês e boro. Os nutrientes que apresentaram maiores percentagens de amostras com teores abaixo dos níveis adequados adotados foram o Mg e Ca, enquanto que as amostras com teores foliares acima ou iguais aos níveis adequados foram o Fe, Mn e Ca.

The Integrated Diagnosis and Recommendation (DRIS) is based on the calculation of an index for each nutrient. For the calculation of DRIS norms, there is a need a database containing the results of leaf analysis and yield. In Pará State, no DRIS norms developed for the cultivation of hybrid coconut. The objective was to develop DRIS norms for this culture. The aim was carried at the Socôco farm in Moju PA. The database consisted of 134 observations for the period 2001 - 2011. We obtained the mean, standard deviation, variance and coefficient of variation of the relationships of concentrations of nutrients, and the coefficients of correlation between the ratio of each pair of nutrients and fruit yield. DRIS norms were established based on the population of high productivity. Of the 110 relationships, 55 were selected to DRIS norms, using two selection criteria of relationships between nutrients. The highest values of standard deviation, variance and coefficient of variation were presented to the leaf levels of the micronutrients iron, manganese, and boron. While the nutrients showed higher percentages of samples with levels below the adequate levels used were Mg and Ca, and finally the nu- trients in leaf samples presented above or equal to the adequate levels contents were Fe, Mn and Ca.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e avaliar sete modelos de tubos emissores não regulados e de fluxo turbulento comercializados no mercado brasileiro. A caracterização dos gotejadores seguiu os procedimentos das normas NBR ISO 9261. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus Botucatu, Departamento de Engenharia Rural. Para a realização do ensaio foram retirados ao acaso, de cada bobina, segmentos contendo 25 emissores. Na avaliação das características hidráulicas e técnicas dos gotejadores foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: coeficiente de variação de fabricação; coeficientes da equação característica do gotejador; espessura da parede do tubo gotejador; diâmetro interno do tubo; espaçamento entre emissores; resistência à pressão com água na temperatura ambiente e a temperatura de 40 oC; resistência do tubo a tração com tensão de 160 N e 180 N; e ensaio de envelhecimento precoce. As análises dos tubos gotejadores mostraram um coeficiente de variação de fabricação inferior a 0,056 para todos os gotejadores (0,07 é limite máximo segundo a norma). Os expoentes m da equação pressão versus vazão variaram de 0,431 a 0,575, classificando-os como não autocompensantes. Em relação a espessura da parede, o diâmetro interno dos tubos e o espaçamento entre os emissores foram constatados que todos os valores medidos estão dentro do exigido pela norma. Pelos resultados obtidos é possível afirmar que todos os produtos ensaiados ofertados no mercado brasileiro apresentaram excelente desempenho e qualidade. | ABSTRACT: This study aims to characterize and evaluate seven models of turbulent flow nonself-compensating drippers available in the Brazilian market. The characterization of the emitters followed the procedures of the standards NBR ISO 9261. The experiment was conducted at UNESP University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Campus, Department of Rural Engineering. For the execution of the test one randomly took from each coil, segments containing 25 emitters. In the evaluation of hydraulic and technical characteristics of emitters were determined the following parameters: coefficient of manufacturing variation, coefficients of the characteristic equation of the emitter, thickness of the tube wall, internal diameter, spacing between emitters, water pressure resistance at ambient temperature and 40 oC, the tensile strength of the tube with a tension of 160 N and 180 N, and premature aging testing. The analysis of the drip tapes showed a coefficient of manufacturing variation of less than 0.056 for all emitters. The exponents (m) of the equation pressure versus flow rate ranged from 0.431 to 0.575, classifying them as nonself-compensating. About the wall thickness, the internal diameter of the drip tapes and the spacing between emitters were found out that all measured values are within the required standard. From the results obtained, it can be stated that all products tested and available in the Brazilian market showed satisfactory performance and quality.

This study aims to characterize and evaluate seven models of turbulent flow nonself - compensating drippers available in the Brazilian market. The characterization of the emitters followed the pro- cedures of the standards NBR ISO 9261. The experiment was conducted at UNESP University Estadual Pau- lista, Botucatu Campus, Department of Rural Engineering. For the execution of the test one randomly took from each coil, segments containing 25 emitters. In the evaluation of hydraulic and technical characteristics of emitters were determined the following parameters: coefficient of manufacturing variation, coefficients of the characteristic equation of the emitter, thickness of the tube wall, internal diameter, spacing between emitters, water pressure resistance at ambient temperature and 40 o C, the tensile strength of the tube with a tension of 160 N and 180 N, and premature aging testing. The analysis of the drip tapes showed a coefficient of manufac- turing variation of less than 0.056 for all emitters. The exponents ( m ) of the equation pressure versus flow rate ranged from 0.431 to 0.575, classifying them as nonself - compensating. About the wall thickness, the internal diameter of the drip tapes and the spacing between emitters were found out that all measured values are within the required standard. From the results obtained, it can be stated that all products tested and available in the Brazilian market showed satisfactory performance and quality.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei marine shrimp fed with different protein levels diets in heterotrophic systems with and without probiotic addition. It was adopted a completely randomized design with 4x2 factorial arrangement, using four dietary protein levels (20, 25, 30 e 35% CP), as the first factor (P20, P25, P30, and P35), and probiotic addition in the water, as the second factor (P20Pro, P25Pro P30Pro e P35Pro). For this were used 24 fiberglass tanks (800 L working volume) stocked with 300 shrimp m-3 (initial weight 1.55±0.01 g). Water quality parameters were analyzed periodically and showed no significant differences, except nitrite that was influenced by the protein levels (P<0.05). After 50 culture days, shrimp final weight averaged 7.2±0.4 g (P≥0.05). The interaction of protein levels vs. probiotic addition influenced significantly (P<0.05) the survival (70.6 to 90.0%) and final biomass (1.3-2.0 Kg m-3). In Litopenaeus vannamei intensive culture with the utilization of biofloc as the supplemental food, it is possible to reduce the protein levels of feed from 35 to 25%, without compromising the shrimp growth performance and water quality of the culture. | RESUMO: O presente trabalho avaliou o desempenho do camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei alimentado com dietas de diferentes níveis protéicos em sistema de bioflocos com e sem a adição de probiótico. Foi adotado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 4×2, com quatro níveis de proteína na dieta (20, 25, 30 e 35% PB), como primeiro fator (P20, P25, P30 e P35), e a adição de probiótico na água de cultivo, como segundo fator (P20Pro, P25Pro, P30Pro e P35Pro). Foram utilizados 24 tanques em fibra de vidro (800 L volume útil) estocados com 300 camarões m-3 (peso inicial 1,55±0,01 g). As variáveis de qualidade da água foram mensuradas periodicamente e não apresentaram diferença estatística, exceto o teor de nitrito, influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) pelos níveis de proteína. Após 50 dias de cultivo o peso médio final dos camarões foi de 7,2±0,4 g (P≥0,05) entre os tratamentos. A interação entre os níveis protéicos e a adição de probiótico influenciaram significativamente (P<0,05) na sobrevivência (70,5-90,0%) e na biomassa final (1,3-2,0 Kg m-3). Dessa forma, em cultivo intensivo de L. vannamei, com utilização de bioflocos como fonte de alimento suplementar, é possível reduzir os níveis de proteína da ração de 35 para 25% sem comprometer o desempenho zootécnico dos camarões e a qualidade da água.

This study aimed to evaluate the culture of Litopenaeus vannamei marine shrimp fed with dif- ferent protein levels diets in heterotrophic systems with and without probiotic addition. It was adopted a com- pletely randomized design with 4x2 factorial arrangement, using four dietary protein levels (20, 25, 30 e 35% CP), as the first factor (P20, P25, P30, and P35), and probiotic addition in the water, as the second factor (P20 Pro , P25 Pro P30 Pro e P35 Pro ). For this were used 24 fiberglass tanks (800 L working volume) stocked with 300 shrimp m - 3 (initial weight 1.55±0.01 g). Water quality parameters were analyzed periodically and showed no significant differences, except nitrite that was influenced by the protein levels ( P<0.05 ). After 50 culture days, shrimp final weight averaged 7.2±0.4 g ( P≥0.05 ). The interaction of protein levels vs. probiotic addition influenced significantly ( P<0.05 ) the survival (70.6 to 90.0%) and final biomass (1.3 - 2.0 Kg m - 3 ). In Litopenaeus vannamei intensive culture with the utilization of biofloc as the supplemental food, it is possible to reduce the protein levels of feed from 35 to 25%, without compromising the shrimp growth performance and water quality of the culture.

ABSTRACT: The phenotypic manifestations of genetic knowledge of important agronomic traits in plants is an activity of great importance, whose results are widely used in plant breeding. The objective was to study the type of genetic segregation that occurs when crossing a dwarf genotype versus indeterminate growth habit genotype. Their plant was found growing spontaneously in Piracicaba (SP), on-site disposal of fruits per tomatoes producers along with normal plants. Seeds of both plants were harvested separately for baseline and coded as follows: a plant with a normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarfism (FA). The methodology consisted of biparental and reciprocal backcrosses of the F1 to the parent FA and obtained the F2 generation. The data derived from the plant count populations obtained (F1, F2 and backcrosses) were tested using the χ2 according to the expected frequency and observed the normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarfism (FA), under the hypothesis Mendelian segregation 3:1, obtained by monogenic inheritance. From the results, it can be concluded that the phenotype observed in the plant in this study is recessive genetic origin can be inserted into other plants by crossing. | RESUMO: O conhecimento genético de manifestações fenotípicas de características de importância agronômica em vegetais é uma atividade de grande importância, cujos resultados são amplamente utilizados por fitomelhoristas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o tipo de segregação genética que ocorre ao se cruzar um genótipo anão versus genótipo de hábito de crescimento indeterminado. A referida planta foi encontrada vegetando espontaneamente no município de Piracicaba (SP) em local de descarte de frutos por tomaticultores juntamente com as plantas normais. As sementes de ambas as plantas foram colhidas separadamente para início do estudo e codificadas da seguinte forma: planta com fenótipo normal (FN) e planta com fenótipo atípico com características de porte anão (FA). A metodologia constou de cruzamentos biparentais recíprocos e retrocruzamentos da geração F1 com o genitor FA e obtenção de geração F2. Os dados obtidos oriundos da contagem de plantas das populações obtidas (F1, F2 e F1RC1) foram submetidos ao teste de χ2 de acordo com a frequência esperada e observada do fenótipo normal (FN) e planta com fenótipo atípico com características de porte anão (FA), tendo como hipótese uma segregação mendeliana 3:1, obtida para herança monogênica. Pelos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que o fenótipo observado na planta no presente estudo é de origem genética recessiva, podendo ser transmito para outras plantas via cruzamento.

The phenotypic manifestations of genetic knowledge of important agronomic traits in plants is an activity of great importance, whose results are widely used in plant breeding . The objective was to study the type of genetic segregation that occurs when crossing a dwarf genotype versus indeterminate growth habit gen- o t y p e . Their plant was found growing spontaneously in Piracicaba (SP), on - site disposal of fruits per tomatoes producers along with normal plants. Seeds of both plants were harvested separately for baseline and coded as follows: a plant with a normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarf- ism (FA). The methodology consisted of biparental and reciprocal backcrosses of the F 1 to the parent FA and obtained the F 2 generation. The data derived from the plant count populations obtained (F 1 , F 2 and backcrosses) were tested using the χ 2 according to the expected frequency and observed the normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarfism (FA), under the hypothesis Mendelian segrega- tion 3:1, obtained by monogenic inheritance. From the results, it can be concluded that the phenotype observed in the plant in this study is recessive genetic origin can be inserted into other plants by crossing.

Proper planning of experiments in the culture of castor bean is one of the ways to maximize the research information. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum plot size and number of replications and the influence of spacing between plants in experiments involving castor bean crops. The experiment with the hybrid Sara was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria in 2010 with a spacing of 1.2 m be- tween rows and between plants of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 m. Each plant was evaluated taking into account: the number of racemes, fruit weight, the average length of the racemes, and fruit number, with the plant identification by the order number of the row and the number of plants within the row. The optimum plot size is eight plants for all spacings and all variables. However, the area of optimum plot size inside the spacing depends on the area occupied by the basic unit. Thus, the plot area is 3.84, 5.76 and 7.68 m 2 for each spacing of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 m, respectively. Twelve replications in randomized block design, are sufficient to identify, as significant at 5% probability, differences between treatment means of 27%.

RESUMO: O planejamento adequado de experimentos na cultura de mamoneira é uma das formas de se maximizar as informações da pesquisa. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o tamanho de parcela e o número de repetições para a cultura de mamoneira e verificar a influência do espaçamento entre plantas no plano experimental. O experimento com o híbrido Sara foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, em 2010, com espaçamento entre linhas de 1,2 m e espaçamentos entre plantas de 0,4, 0,6 e 0,8 m. Foram avaliados em cada planta o número de rácemos, peso de frutos, comprimento médio dos rácemos e número total de frutos, com identificação da planta pelo número de ordem da fileira e o número da planta dentro da fileira. O tamanho ótimo de parcela é de oito plantas para todos os espaçamentos e para todas as variáveis. Porém, a área do tamanho ótimo de parcela em cada espaçamento depende da área ocupada pela unidade básica. Assim, a área da parcela é de 3,84, 5,76 e 7,68 m2 para os espaçamentos entre plantas de 0,4, 0,6 e 0,8 m, respectivamente. Doze repetições, no delineamento blocos ao acaso, foram suficientes para identificar diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 27%, com 5% de probabilidade de erro. | ABSTRACT: Proper planning of experiments in the culture of castor bean is one of the ways to maximize the research information. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum plot size and number of replications and the influence of spacing between plants in experiments involving castor bean crops. The experiment with the hybrid Sara was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria in 2010 with a spacing of 1.2 m between rows and between plants of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 m. Each plant was evaluated taking into account: the number of racemes, fruit weight, the average length of the racemes, and fruit number, with the plant identification by the order number of the row and the number of plants within the row. The optimum plot size is eight plants for all spacings and all variables. However, the area of optimum plot size inside the spacing depends on the area occupied by the basic unit. Thus, the plot area is 3.84, 5.76 and 7.68 m2 for each spacing of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 m, respectively. Twelve replications in randomized block design, are sufficient to identify, as significant at 5% probability, differences between treatment means of 27%.