CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) | Ringler Claudia et al., 'Research guide for water-energy-food nexus analysis', , IFPRI, 2018

Synthesis of contributions and policy dialogue at the International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas . Toward a framework for countries and development partners for long-term investment in water management for food security in the Middle East and North Africa region | Roberto Telleria. (30/6/2013). Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas. Beirut, Lebanon: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).

Fifteen professionally-trained national agricultural research trainees: 9 from Iraq, 2 from Jordan and 4 from a range of other countries (1 from Egypt, 2 from China and 1 from Japan) trained on improving water productivity in irrigated agro ecosystems in the dry land agriculture. While 9 Iraqi, 2 Jordanian, 1 Egyptian were funded by JICA, the remaining were supported by Tottori University for Japanese and Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) for Chinese participants | Vinay Nangia, Charles Kleinermann, Masafumi Tamura. (1/3/2018). Improving Water Productivity in Irrigated Agri-food Production Systems. Beirut, Lebanon: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA).

The increasing demand for water, energy and food, and the interdependence of these systems could lead to potential human conflict in the future. This was seen in the food crisis of 2008, which stirred a renewed interest in taking a "systems" approach to managing resources. The initial flurry of activities led to many nexus frameworks, but there remains a gap between theory and its implementation. This paper tries to look at various frameworks and unpacks the concept of nexus in order to develop matrices to help quantify and understand the interlinkages between the nexus systems. It suggests multi-level and multi-system indices to measure the health of nexus systems and to identify the weak links. It is hoped that such frameworks can be used at country level, and eventually be used to measure and rank countries on the health of their systems. The paper suggests a questionnaire that can be used (after modifying for local conditions) to collect country-level institutional and political-economy data (which is difficult to get from online resources) to be used in the framework | A. Sood, A. Nicol, I. Arulingam, 'Unpacking the water-energy-environment-food nexus: working across systems', pp.43p, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2019

Colin J. Chartres, 'Water and food security: stumbling toward Malthusian oblivion or pioneering cornucopia?', 2014 | The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) was established in Sri Lanka by the Ford Foundation and others in the mid-1980s. Today, IWMI works in about 20 countries. Colin Chartres reflected on the history of IWMI's work and described important studies that have advanced the understanding of water and food

Food security is a critical issue for the Arabian Peninsula countries due fast population growth, reduced domestic food production and the tighter global food markets because of trading partners�?? strained export surpluses. Water scarcity is a major concern for the AP. The renewable water resources per capita is considered the lowest in the world and has decreased from 1250 m3 in 1950 to 76.2 m3 in 2014. Furthermore, the projected water demand in AP for the year 2025 will exceed the double of the current groundwater availability, estimated at 8030M m3. In response to the alarming water situation, ICARDA in collaboration with the National Agricultural and Extension Systems (NARES) has established a program in AP, which has developed, evaluated, and introduced technology packages that empower growers to produce high-quality crops with less water. These technologies include: 1) the integrated forage production system based on indigenous plant species; 2) the introduction of spineless cactus as animal feed; and 3) protected agriculture with associated developed technologies such as soilless culture (hydroponics). Similarly, ICARDA and NARS works on date palm has resulted in improving water and land productivity for date production. Such water saving technology packages are being transferred to farmers in AP region through ICARDA and National scientists and extension agents. Conclusively, a noticeable impact on the on-farm water management through the increased productivity per unit of water and land created. The demand for more applied research in the region is inevitable to ensure an adequate level of food security based on Climate-smart agriculture practice | Azaiez Ouled Belgacem, Arash Nejatian, Mohamed Ben-Salah, Ahmed Moustafa. (31/8/2017). Water and Food Security in the Arabian Peninsula: Struggling for more actions. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 5, pp. 550-561.

N P Saxena, . et al, 'Characterization of drought and adaptation of cool season food legumes to water-limiting environments', pp.661-677, 2012 | Non-irrigated (rainfed) agriculture is the major crop production system worldwide. It occupieslarge proportion of total land areas in Asia (88 %) and Africa (99 %). In some importantfood legume growing countries in South Asia, r

M. Blümmel, M. Samad, O. P. Singh, T. Amede, 'Opportunities and limitations of food - feed crops for livestock feeding and implications for livestock - water productivity', The Rangeland Journal, vol. 31(2), p.207, CSIRO Publishing, 2009 | The paper discusses the contribution of crop residues (CR) to feed resources in the context of the water productivity of CR in livestock feeding, using India as an example. It is argued that crop residues are already the single most important feed resource in many livestock production systems in developing countries and that increasing their contribution to livestock feeding needs to be linked to improving their fodder quality. Using examples from multi-dimensional crop improvement, it is shown that CR fodder quality of key crops such as sorghum, rice and groundnut can be improved by genetic enhancement without detriment to grain and pod yields. Improving crop residue quality through genetic enhancement, agronomic and management interventions and strategic supplementation could improve water productivity of farms and systems considerably. The draw-backs of CR based feeding regimes are also pointed out, namely that they result in only moderate levels of livestock productivity and produce higher greenhouse gas emissions than are observed under feeding regimes that are based on high quality forages and concentrates. It is argued that feed metabolisable energy (ME) content should be used as an important determinant of livestock productivity; water requirement for feed and fodder production should be related to a unit of feed ME rather than feed bulk. The paper also revisits data from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) work on livestock?water productivity in the Indian state of Gujarat, showing that water input per unit ME can vary several-fold in the same feed depending on where the feed is produced. Thus, the production of one mega joule of ME from alfalfa required 12.9 L of irrigation-derived water in south Gujarat but 50.7 L of irrigation-derived water in north Gujarat. Wheat straw in south Gujarat required 20.9 L of irrigation-derived water for 1 MJ ME and was in this instance less water use efficient than alfalfa. We conclude that water use efficiency across feed and fodder classes (for example crop residue v. planted forages) and within a feed is highly variable. Feeding recommendations should be made according to specific water use requirement per unit ME in a defined production system

GRP40; IFPRI1 | Gruère Guillaume P., 'Agricultural, food, and water nanotechnologies for the poor Opportunities, constraints, and role of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research', , IFPRI, 2011

Christian Stein, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Jennie Barron, 'Towards a relational understanding of the water-energy-food nexus: an analysis of embeddedness and governance in the Upper Blue Nile region of Ethiopia', Environmental Science & Policy, vol. 90, pp.173-182, Elsevier BV, 2018 | Given the need for transformative changes towards more sustainable, integrated management of water, energy and food systems, the water-energy-food nexus concept seems highly relevant. However, while intuitively compelling, the nexus has also been criticized for abstracting and thereby dis-embedding the collaboration processes through which further integration could be achieved. There is a lack of empirical analysis and contextsensitive understanding, of the opportunities and constraints of, collaboration and cross-sector coordination, as faced by actors governing interconnected water, energy and food systems. In this paper we analyse how actors involved in the governance of water, energy and food systems are embedded in social networks, and discuss how that embeddedness shapes collaboration and coordination processes that are relevant for addressing interconnected sustainability challenges. Drawing on the notion of problemsheds, we delineate an analytical space that captures the interactions between water, energy and food systems and the actors influencing them in the Upper Blue Nile of Ethiopia. Our empirical data suggest that the claim that actors from different sectors are disconnected from each other is overly simplistic. The ways in which actors are embedded in hierarchical structures may help to explain why coordination challenges persist, despite the presence of cross-sectoral linkages among them