Although nutritionists have long been aware of the importance of clean drinking water and sanitation, water is becoming part of the international political agenda only after a slow realization of its scarcity. This is mainly because water has been taken for granted in industrialized countries except during periods of drought. in many areas of developing countries, water shortages already exist. Even with improved management, new sources of water will have to be developed at higher costs per project. Provision of clean water and sanitation has been rendered difficult by rapid urbanization since the middle of the twentieth century. Although cities have managed to provide a water supply, they have not been able to provide sewage and wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, irrigated agriculture uses nearly 70% of world water. in the future, food security will become even more dependent on irrigation. Poor management, due mostly to low salaries and political interference, is one of the main reasons for inefficient water systems. Underpricing of water in towns and on farms discourages conservation. Furthermore, people who do not have access to tap water in developing countries pay 10 times more than those who have taps.

Cet article est la synthese thematique d'une enquete menee recemment aupres de professionnels (industriels, fabricants et chercheurs) des industries alimentaires sur le theme de la reduction de la consommation d'eau et de la production d'effluents polluants, liee a ces operations. Sont presentees dans un premier temps, secteur par secteur, des donnees de consommations d'eau et de volumes d'effluents produits. Il apparait que de nombreuses procedures de travail et procedes de fabrication peuvent etre ameliores. La tendance doit aller vers une gestion de l'eau comme matiere premiere ou solvant recyclable faisant partie integrante de la rationalisation des procedes (economie d'eau, d'energie, de matiere). Cette gestion passe par la minimisation des rejets apres epuration, en particulier dans le cas de traitement des effluents, et le recyclage des flux aqueux et de matieres, soit directement dans le processus classique de fabrication, soit de facon degradee dans les processus connexes. De nombreux points d'amelioration sont precises et des axes de recherche sont proposes

Food processing is among the greatest water‐consuming industries with a significant role in the implementation of sustainable development goals. Water‐consuming industries such as food processing have become a threat to limited freshwater resources, and numerous attempts are being carried out in order to develop and apply novel approaches for water management in these industries. Studies have shown the positive impact of the new methods of process integration (e.g., water pinch, mathematical optimization, etc.) in maximizing water reuse and recycle. Applying these methods in food processing industries not only significantly supported water consumption minimization but also contributed to environmental protection by reducing wastewater generation. The methods can also increase the productivity of these industries and direct them to sustainable production. This interconnection led to a new subcategory in nexus studies known as water‐food‐environment nexus. The nexus assures sustainable food production with minimum freshwater consumption and minimizes the environmental destructions caused by untreated wastewater discharge. The aim of this study was to provide a thorough review of water‐food‐environment nexus application in food processing industries and explore the nexus from different aspects. The current study explored the process of food industries in different sectors regarding water consumption and wastewater generation, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The most recent wastewater treatment methods carried out in different food processing sectors were also reviewed. This review provided a comprehensive literature for choosing the optimum scenario of water and wastewater management in food processing industries.

Cet article est la synthese thematique d' une enquete menee recemment aupres de professionnels (industriels, fabricants et chercheurs) des industries alimentaires sur le theme de la reduction de la consommation d' eau et de la production d' effluents polluants, liee a ces operations. Sont presentees dans un premier temps, secteur par secteur, des donnees de consommations d' eau et de volumes d' effluents produits. Il apparait que de nombreuses procedures de travail et procedes de fabrication peuvent etre ameliores. La tendance doit aller vers une gestion de l' eau comme matiere premiere ou solvant recyclable faisant partie integrante de la rationalisation des procedes (economie d' eau, d' energie, de matiere). Cette gestion passe par la minimisation des rejets apres epuration, en particulier dans le cas de traitement des effluents, et le recyclage des flux aqueux et de matieres, soit directement dans le processus classique de fabrication, soit de facon degradee dans les processus connexes. De nombreux points d' amelioration sont precises et des axes de recherche sont proposes.

The 2017 Texas Water Development Board's State Water Plan predicts a 41% gap between water demand and existing supply by 2070. This reflects an overall projection, but the challenge will affect various regions of the state differently. Texas has 16 regional water planning zones characterized by distinct populations, water demands, and existing water supplies. Each is expected to face variations of pressures, such as increased agricultural and energy development (particularly hydraulic fracturing) and urban growth that do not necessarily follow the region's water plan. Great variability in resource distribution and competing resource demands across Texas will result in the emergence of distinct hotspots, each with unique characteristics that require multiple, localized, interventions to bridge the statewide water gap. This study explores three such hotspots: 1) water-food competition in Lubbock and the potential of producing 3 billion gallons of treated municipal waste water and encouraging dryland agriculture; 2) implementing Low Impact Developments (LIDs) for agriculture in the City of San Antonio, potentially adding 47 billion gallons of water supply, but carrying a potentially high financial cost; and 3) water-energy interrelations in the Eagle Ford Shale in light of well counts, climate dynamics, and population growth. The growing water gap is a state wide problem that requires holistic assessments that capture the impact on the tightly interconnected water, energy, and food systems. Better understanding the trade-offs associated with each 'solution’ and enabling informed dialogue between stakeholders, offers a basis for formulating localized policy recommendations specific to each hotspot. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Natural resources including water, energy, and food have an increase in demand due to the global population increases. The sustainable management of these resources is an urgent global issue. These resources combined in a very vital nexus are called the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus. The field of nanotechnology offers promising solutions to overcome several problems in the WEF nexus. This review is the first report that focuses on the suggested applications of nanofibers in the WEF sectors. An economic value of nanofibers in WEF sectors was confirmed, which was mainly successfully applied for producing clean water, sustainable energy, and safe food. Biotechnological solutions of nanofibers include various activities in water, energy, and food industries. These activities may include the production of fresh water and wastewater treatment, producing, converting, and storing energy, and different activities in the food sector. Furthermore, microbial applications of nanofibers in the biomedicine sector, and the most important biotechnological approaches, mainly plant tissue culture, are the specific focus of the current study. Applying nanofibers in the field of plant tissue culture is a promising approach because these nanofibers can prevent any microbial contamination under in vitro conditions, but the loss of media by evaporation is the main challenge in this application. The main challenges of nanofiber production and application depend on the type of nanofibers and their application. Different sectors are related to almost all activities in our life; however, enormous open questions still need to be answered, especially the green approach that can be used to solve the accumulative problems in those sectors. The need for research on integrated systems is also urgent in the nexus of WEF under the umbrella of environmental sustainability, global climate change, and the concept of one’s health.

Nach der Bestandsaufnahme der tatsachlichen Abwassersituation eines Betriebes und den durchzufuhrenden innerbetrieblichen Massnahmen zur Verringerung der Abwasserbelastung muss die Zielsetzung "eigene Vorreinigung", "Einkauf bei kommunalen Abwasserreinigungsanlagen" oder "Vollreinigung" anhand von Kosten- und Systemvergleichen klar definiert werden. Im ersten Teil werden verschiedene Moglichkeit der Vorreinigung von Abwasser vorgestellt. Dazu zahlen die mechanische Vorbereitung,die biologische Neutralisation sowie die Neutralisation mit Ausgleichsmassnahmen. Fur Abwasser der Mokerei- und Getrankeindustrie eignen sich vor allem anaerobe Vorreinigungsverfahren. Eine anaerobe Biofilteranlage wird beschrieben. Die Systemauswahl richtet sich nach den individuellen Anforderungen des jeweiligen Lebensmittel- und Getrankebetriebs, den spezifischen derzeitigen und zu erwartenden Abwasserkosten, den Zukunftsperspektiven und der Lage des Betriebes.

As for oily water treatment in food industries, the membrane technology has a large potential to reduce the operation time, equipment space and total costs. Using crude lecithin/water emulsion as a model of oily waste water, filtration characteristics on the flux and total organic carbon (TOC) rejection were investigated with a wide range of membranes in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration. Constant flux and TOC rejection were obtained in crossflow filtration with hydrophilic membranes having smaller pores than the emulsion droplets (1-2 mum). Free phospholipids were removed with reverse osmosis membranes or nanofiltration membranes having high NaCl rejection abilities. When microfiltration membranes having larger pores than the emulsion droplets were used, the membrane characteristics such as the pore structure and hydrophobicity largely affected the filtration characteristics: asymmetric membranes gave relatively high fluxes when its loose side was used against the feed emulsion as a depth filter, symmetric membranes having a spongoid pore structure and a pore size similar to the emulsion droplets brought about almost 0 flux owing to an extreme progress of pore blocking, hydrophobic membranes of adequate pore sizes showed a possibility to result in the negative TOC rejection