El incremento en la demanda de pescado para consumo humano ha ocasionado que los cultivos se intensifiquen y la demanda de alimentos balanceados para acuicultura se incremente. La moringa (Moringa oleifera) representa una alternativa como ingrediente para sustituir parcialmente la harina de pescado en alimentos balanceados para tilapia, debido a su contenido de proteína y carbohidratos, pero no ha sido evaluado para tilapia cultivada en agua de mar. En el presente trabajo se muestran los resultados de la inclusión de harina de moringa en el crecimiento de tilapia (O. mossambicus x O. niloticus) cultivada en agua de mar y su digestibilidad in vivo. En el alimento balanceado, se incluyó harina de hoja de M. oleifera, sustituyendo 0, 10, 20 y 30 % de la proteína de la harina de sardina, los resultados sugieren que este ingrediente puede sustituir hasta en un 20% a la proteína de la harina de sardina, sin afectar el crecimiento de la tilapia. La digestibilidad de la proteína de la harina de moringa fue de 89 %. Se concluye que la harina de moringa puede ser incluida en el alimento sustituyendo parcialmente a la harina de sardina sin afectar el crecimiento de juveniles de tilapia roja.

In order to develop food crops in upland in the tropics area, the potential water resources, such as the availability of soil moisture and surface water can be used as a source of water supply especially during the deficit. Therefore, to develop a sustainable food crop,  the water balance analysis is absolutely necessary. The data used were series of climate data (temperature, precipitation, evaporation) for 37-year period (1971-2007) at Japura station, Rengat, Riau, heat index data and soil data (soil moisture at field capacity and permanent wilting point) and the effective rooting depth. Exceeded rainfall probabilities and water balance were analyzed using statistical methods. The results showed that soil moisture conditions were always above the limit of water availability for crops although the water balance was deficit for normal, wet and dry conditions. This shows that food crops can be planted all for the whole year in the research area. ABSTRAK Dalam rangka pengembangan tanaman pangan di lahan tadah hujan/kering di daerah tropik basah, potensi sumberdaya air, baik berupa ketersediaan lengas tanah maupun air permukaan dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber pasokan air terutama pada saat defisit. Oleh sebab itu untuk pengembangan tanaman pangan yang berkelanjutan, maka analisis neraca air mutlak diperlukan. Data yang digunakan berupa data seri iklim (temperatur udara, curah hujan, evaporasi) periode 37 tahun (1971­2007) stasiun Japura, Rengat, Riau, data indeks panas serta data tanah (lengas tanah pada saat kapasitas lapang dan titik layu permanen) serta  kedalaman perakaran efektif. Peluang curah hujan terlampaui dan neraca air dianalisis meng­ gunakan metode statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keadaan lengas tanah selalu pada batas air tersedia bagi tanaman meskipun neraca air mengalami defisit baik pada kondisi normal, kering maupun basah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa di wilayah penelitian dapat dilakukan penanaman tanaman pangan sepanjang tahun.

In order to develop food crops in upland in the tropics area, the potential water resources, such as the availability of soil moisture and surface water can be used as a source of water supply especially during the deficit. Therefore, to develop a sustainable food crop, the water balance analysis is absolutely necessary. The data used were series of climate data (temperature, precipitation, evaporation) for 37-year period (1971-2007) at Japura station, Rengat, Riau, heat index data and soil data (soil moisture at field capacity and permanent wilting point) and the effective rooting depth. Exceeded rainfall probabilities and water balance were analyzed using statistical methods. The results showed that soil moisture conditions were always above the limit of water availability for crops although the water balance was deficit for normal, wet and dry conditions. This shows that food crops can be planted all for the whole year in the research area. ABSTRAK Dalam rangka pengembangan tanaman pangan di lahan tadah hujan/kering di daerah tropik basah, potensi sumberdaya air, baik berupa ketersediaan lengas tanah maupun air permukaan dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber pasokan air terutama pada saat defisit. Oleh sebab itu untuk pengembangan tanaman pangan yang berkelanjutan, maka analisis neraca air mutlak diperlukan. Data yang digunakan berupa data seri iklim (temperatur udara, curah hujan, evaporasi) periode 37 tahun (1971­2007) stasiun Japura, Rengat, Riau, data indeks panas serta data tanah (lengas tanah pada saat kapasitas lapang dan titik layu permanen) serta kedalaman perakaran efektif. Peluang curah hujan terlampaui dan neraca air dianalisis meng­ gunakan metode statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keadaan lengas tanah selalu pada batas air tersedia bagi tanaman meskipun neraca air mengalami defisit baik pada kondisi normal, kering maupun basah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa di wilayah penelitian dapat dilakukan penanaman tanaman pangan sepanjang tahun.

The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of pH (3, 7 and 9) as well as ionic strength of NaCl (0mmol/l, 100mmol/l, 200mmol/l and 400mmol/l) on the retention and release characteristics of diacetyl and (−)-α-pinene in oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions prepared with dried egg yolk (DEY) or starch sodium octenylsuccinate (SOE). Increase of pH from 3 to 9 progressively enhanced retention of diacetyl in emulsions prepared with both DEY and SOE. Whereas, in samples flavoured with (−)-α-pinene, the highest and lowest retention time-courses were detected at pH 9 and pH 7 as well as pH 7 and pH 3 regarding emulsions prepared with DEY as well as SOE, respectively. With increasing salt concentration, the retention of diacetyl was decreased, irrespectively of the applied emulsifier type, whereas generally opposite effects were observed in the case of (−)-α-pinene. The parameters of release characteristics i.e., release rate constants (k) and release mechanism factors (n), were calculated using Avrami’s equation. ANOVA revealed significant effects (p<0.001) of pH and NaCl concentration on k parameters, whereas relationship between applied environmental conditions and n factors was dependent on hydrophobicity of the odourant. Sensory evaluation revealed higher correlation values between odour intensity and aroma compound concentration in emulsions aromatized with (−)-α-pinene than with diacetyl.

Many tonnes of compost are generated per year due to door step composting of both garden and kitchen waste. Whilst there are commercial outlets for the finer grade of compost (<10mm) in plant nurseries, there is little demand for the coarser material (>25mm). This paper reports part of a WRAP-sponsored (Waste Resources Action Programme) study which investigated the potential for green (GC) and mixed green and food (MC) composts to be incorporated into Sustainable Drainage (SUDS) devices such as swales, and replace the topsoil (TS) onto which turf is laid or grass seed distributed. However, it is not known whether compost can replace TS in terms of pollutant remediation, both the trapping of polluted particulates and in dealing with hydrocarbons such as oil, but also from a biofilm development and activity perspective. Using laboratory based experiments utilising leaching columns and an investigation of microbiological development in the composts studied, it was found that many of the differences in performance between MC and GC were insignificant, whilst both composts performed better in terms of pollutant retention than TS. Mixed compost in particular could be used in devices where there may be oil spillages, such as the lorry park of a Motorway Service Area due to its efficiency in degrading oil. Samples of GC and MC were found to contain many of the bacteria and fungi necessary for an active and efficient biofilm which would be an argument in their favour for replacement of TS and incorporation in swales.

Previous studies conducted in the Elk River watershed showed that selenium concentrations are higher in aquatic biota in lentic compared to lotic habitats of the system having similar water selenium concentrations. Studies have also shown that water selenium concentrations have increased over time (∼10% per year) and recent annual average concentrations have ranged up to 0.044 mg/L in areas downstream from mine discharges. For the present study, trophic transfer of selenium was characterized in lotic versus lentic habitats using concentrations measured in field‐collected samples and assuming a three‐step food chain of water to the base of the food web (biofilm), to benthic invertebrates, and then to westslope cutthroat trout (WCT) ovaries. Food chain models were developed for each habitat type (lotic and lentic) by combining linear regression equations for the three transfer relationships, allowing for prediction of fish ovary concentrations from water concentrations. Greater accumulation of selenium in lentic areas was mostly attributable to greater uptake at the base of the food chain compared to lotic areas. Enrichment/trophic transfer factors for selenium at all levels of the lotic and lentic food chains decreased and then became near constant as exposure concentrations increased. The lotic model predicted little increase in WCT ovary selenium concentrations over an eightfold increase in water concentrations (∼0.005–0.040 mg/L), accounting for the lack of observed increase in within‐area fish tissue concentrations over time despite increasing trends in water concentrations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:672–680. © 2011 SETAC

Increasing productivity of rice generally depends on a variety of additional inputs. Various systems are designed for farmers to increase incomes and improve land productivity. SRI method is a potential technology to increase rice production management based on the cultivation of land, plants and water through the empowerment of groups and local knowledge-based eco-friendly activities. The application of SRI method requires a study of innovation adoption and optimal strategies for farmers. This study uses institutional descriptive analysis; LFA (Logical Framework Analysis) and experimental economics. The results showed that (1) The role and focus of government institutions is an increase in production through the application of various technologies. Performance of local institutions have an important a role of cultivation introduction and depends on the active community leader or head of the farmer or P3A Mitra Cai; (2) Incentives system for farmers in the application SRI paddy method is marketing insurance with favorable price, (3) the application of SRI paddy cultivation requires strengthening group farmer and P3A Mitra Cai in regulating water, organic agricultural input and marketing of products through the application of water fee rates (ipair) based on fair remuneration system; and (4) the incentives for farmers to encourage the application of SRI paddy cultivation is the provision compensation if there is a decrease in production. The existence of information on SRI Method have real impact. | Peningkatan produktivitas padi umumnya bergantung pada berbagai penambahan input. Berbagai sistem insentif bagi petani dirancang agar dapat meningkatkan pendapatan sekaligus meningkatkan produktivitas lahan. Metode SRI (system of rice intensification) merupakan teknologi potensial untuk meningkatkan produksi berdasarkan manajemen pengolahan tanah, tanaman dan air melalui pemberdayaan kelompok dan kearifan lokal berbasis ramah lingkungan. Namun aplikasi metode SRI membutuhkan kajian pola optimal dan strategi adopsi inovasi bagi petani. Penelitian menggunakan analisis diskriptif aspek kelembagaan; LFA (Logical Framework Analysis) dan ekonomi eksperimental. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) peran dan fokus kelembagaan pemerintah adalah peningkatan produksi melalui penerapan berbagai teknologi. Kinerja kelembagaan lokal berperan dalam WLQJNDWDQ ³VHGDQJ´ GDODP LQWURGXNVL EXGLGD\D GDQ WHUJDQWXQJ NHDNWLIDQ WRNRK PDV\DUDNDW DWDX NHWXD NHORPSRN (2) Sistem insentif bagi petani untuk penerapan metode padi SRI adalah jaminan pemasaran dengan harga menguntungkan; (3) Penerapan budidaya padi SRI membutuhkan penguatan kelompok tani dan P3A Mitra Cai dalam pengaturan air, penyediaan saprodi organik dan pemasaran produk melalui pemberlakuan tarif iuran air (ipair) yang fair berdasarkan sistem remunerasi; dan (4) Sistem insentif bagi petani untuk mendorong penerapan budidaya padi SRI adalah memberi ganti rugi jika ada penurunan produksi Adanya informasi tentang metode SRI berpengaruh nyata terhadap penerapan metode.

A re-evaluation of the taxonomic position of five strains, one assigned to Cronobacter sakazakii (strain 1330T, isolated from spiced meat purchased in Slovakia), two previously assigned to Cronobacter genomospecies 1 (strains NCTC 9529T and 731, isolated from water and a leg infection, respectively) and two previously assigned to Cronobacter turicensis (strains 96 and 1435, isolated from onion powder and rye flour, respectively) was carried out. The analysis included phenotypic characterization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of seven housekeeping genes (atpD, fusA, glnS, gltB, gyrB, infB, ppsA; 3036 bp). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and MLSA showed that strain 1330T formed an independent phylogenetic lineage in the MLSA, with Cronobacter dublinensis LMG 23823T as the closest neighbour. DNA–DNA reassociation and phenotypic analysis revealed that strain 1330T represented a novel species, for which the name Cronobacter condimenti sp. nov. is proposed (type strain 1330T = CECT 7863T = LMG 26250T). Strains NCTC 9529T, 731, 96 and 1435 clustered together within an independent phylogenetic lineage, with C. turicensis LMG 23827T as the closest neighbour in the MLSA. DNA–DNA reassociation and phenotypic analysis confirmed that these strains represent a novel species, for which the name Cronobacter universalis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain NCTC 9529T = CECT 7864T = LMG 26249T).

Abstract This scientific opinion of EFSA deals with the risk assessment of the active substances activated carbon (CAS No 7440‐44‐0, FCM Substance No 984), water (CAS No 7732‐18‐5, FCM Substance No 515), iron powder (CAS No 7439‐89‐6, FCM Substance No 983), kaolin calcined (CAS No 92704‐41‐1, FCM Substance No 753), sulphur (CAS No 7704‐34‐9, FCM Substance No 514), sodium chloride (CAS No 7647‐14‐5, FCM Substance No 985), used in mixtures which are packed into sachets for absorbing oxygen from the food environment. All substances of the oxygen absorber formulations have been evaluated and approved for use as additives in plastic food contact materials and/or as food supplements (sodium chloride). The CEF Panel concluded that the use of the substances activated carbon, water, iron powder, kaolin calcined, sulphur and sodium chloride, do not raise a safety concern when used in oxygen absorbers in sachets which would prevent the physical release of their contents into the food and placed in the headspace of the packaging or when used in direct contact with dry foods. The sachet should not intentionally or unintentionally come into direct contact with liquid foods or foods that have an external aqueous liquid phase on the surface such as sliced fruits and fresh meat. Activated carbon should in addition comply with the same purity requirements as for Vegetable Carbon (E 153) set out by Commission Directive 95/45/EC with exception of ash content which can be up to 10 % (w/w).